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  3. Like land, labor is means of production. In non-industrial societies, access to both land and labor comes through social links s

Like land, labor is means of production. In non-industrial societies, access to both land and labor comes through social links s

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问题      Like land, labor is means of production. In non-industrial societies, access to both land and labor comes through social links such as kinship, marriage, and descent. Mutual aid in production is merely one aspect of ongoing social relationships that are expressed on many other occasions.
     Non-industrial societies contrast with industrial nations in regard to another means of production — technology. In bands and tribes manufacturing is often linked to age and gender. Women may weave and men make pottery or vice versa. Most people of a particular age and gender share the technical knowledge associated with that age and gender. If married women customarily make baskets, most married women know how to make baskets. Neither technology nor technical knowledge is as specialized as it is in states.
     However, some tribal societies do promote specialization. Among the Yanomani of Benezuela and Brazil, for instance, certain villages manufacture clay pots and others make hammocks. They don’t specialize, as one might suppose, because certain raw materials happen to be available near particular village. Clay suitable for pots is widely available. Everyone knows how to make pots, but not everybody does so.  Craft specialization reflects the social and political environment rather than the natural environment. Such specialization promotes trade, which is the first step in creating an alliance with enemy village. Specialization contributes to keeping the peace, although it has not prevented intervillage warfare.
     Among the Trobriand Islanders of the South Pacific, Malinowski found that only two out of several villages manufactured certain ceremonial items that were important in a regional exchange network called the kula ring. As among the Yanomani, this specialization was unrelated to the location of raw materials. We don’t know why this specialization began, but we do know that it persisted within the kula ring, which allied several communities and islands in a common trade network.  
The author compared Trobriand Islanders and the Yanomani to imply that ______.
选项 A、they were in a regional exchange network called the kula ring
B、they were both manufacturing handcrafts
C、they were located where raw materials were available
D、their specialization had much to do with social and political environment
答案D
解析 推断题。作者在第三段和第四段中分别用了Trobriand Islanders和Yanomani作为例子，说明专业化反映出社会和政治环境，而不是自然环境，故选D。
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