2. 外语
  3. Like many concepts in social psychology, aggression has many definitions, even many evaluations. (l)Some think of aggression as

Like many concepts in social psychology, aggression has many definitions, even many evaluations. (l)Some think of aggression as

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问题     Like many concepts in social psychology, aggression has many definitions, even many evaluations. (l)Some think of aggression as a great virtue(e. g. "the aggressive businessperson"), while others see aggression.
    The fact they we do keep the same word anyway suggests that there is a commonality:Both positive and negative aggression serve to enhance the self. (2)The positive version, which we could call assertiveness, is acting in a way that enhances the self, without the implication that we are hurting someone else. The negative version, which we might call violence, focuses more on the "disenchantment of others as a means to the same end
    Although the life of animals often seems rather bloody, we must take care not to confuse predation — the hunting and killing of other animals for food-with aggression. (3) Predation in carnivorous species has more in common with grazing in vegetarian species than with aggression between members of the same species. Take a good look at your neighborhood cat hunting a mouse;He is cool, composed, not hot and crazed. In human terms, there is not the usual emotional correlate of aggression;anger. He is simply taking care of business.
    That taken care of .there remains remarkably little aggression in the animal world But it does remain. We find it most often in circumstances of competition over a resource. (4) This resource must be important for"fitness, "that is, relevant to one’s individual or reproductive success. Further, it must be restricted in abundance; Animals do not, for example, compete for air, but may for water, food, nesting areas, and mates.
    It is the last item-mates-that accounts for most aggression in mammals. And it is males that are most noted for this aggression. (5) As we mentioned earlier, females have so much at stake in any act of copulation (求偶结合)-so many months gestation, the increased energy requirement, susceptibility to attack, the dangers of birth, the responsibility of lactation-that it serves their fitness to be"picky" when looking for a partner. If females are picky, males must be show-offs:The male must demonstrate that he has the qualities that serve the female’s fitness, in order to serve his own fitness. Deer are a good example. Mind you, this need not be conscious or learned; in all likelihood, it is all quite instinctual in most mammals. It may possibly have some instinctual bases in us as well.
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答案我们可以把褒义的版本叫做有自信心的，这种行为只是增强自己的能力，并没有暗示说我们是在伤害其他人。本句的结构是the positive version(主语)+which…(引导的定语从句修饰主语)+is acting(谓语)…without(引导伴随状语)…。翻译时，应先翻译which引导的定语，然后再翻译主句。enhancethe self可以采用增译法，翻译成“增强自己的能力”，使行文更通顺。version指代的是aggression。词汇assertiveness是“自信”的意思。更确切的说此词形容的是一个结合自信，优良沟通技巧，多年的经验。良好的人际关系等等许多特质而产生出来的一种能力的总和。
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