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  3. [A] At Kibale, large groups of chimps range together, and aggression escalates accordingly. Wrangham observed as these bigger pa

[A] At Kibale, large groups of chimps range together, and aggression escalates accordingly. Wrangham observed as these bigger pa

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问题     [A] At Kibale, large groups of chimps range together, and aggression escalates accordingly. Wrangham observed as these bigger parties of males got excited and went out on "patrol" in what looked like an organized way: They walked along their territorial border, attacking lone chimps from neighboring communities when they came across them en route. In his 1996 book, Demonic Males, co-authored with Dale Peterson, Wrangham recapped this and other evidence to draw a dire portrait of humanity as inherently violent by evolutionary legacy. Here was vivid support for a Hobbesian view of human nature, rooted in genetics.
    [B]  Wrangham, who teaches biological anthropology at Harvard, was in a sense working toward this latest venture in his two previous books, which explore the opposing poles of behavior. Renowned for his meticulous fieldwork, especially with chimps in Uganda’s Kibale National Park, Wrangham showed just how common chimp brutality is. Jane Goodall, one of the scientists who have been following monkeys, apes, and other creatures in their habitats, had acknowledged with frank regret that her beloved chimpanzees could be quite violent. One mother and daughter killed the infants of other females in their group. Males often coerced and beat females, and would sometimes gang up and attack a chimp from another group.
    [C] Wrangham draws on this trove of material as he pursues yet another ambitious hypothesis: "Reduced reactive aggression must feature alongside intelligence, cooperation, and social learning as a key contributor to the emergence and success of our species." By reactive aggression, he means attacking when another individual gets too close, as opposed to tolerating contact long enough to allow for a possible friendly interaction. He also applies his evolutionary logic to studies of a wider array of animals. He dwells in particular on some marvelous experiments that explore the taming of wild foxes, minks, and other species by human directed artificial selection over many generations.
    [D]  In his third book, The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution, Richard Wrangham deploys fascinating facts of natural history and genetics as he enters a debate staked out centuries ago by Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and still very much alive today: how to understand the conjunction of fierce aggression and cooperative behavior in humans. Why are we so much less violent day-to-day within our communities than our closest primate relatives, chimpanzees, are within theirs? At the same time, how is it that human violence directed toward perceived enemy groups has been so destructive?
    [E] Such breeding efforts, Wrangham notes, have produced "the domestication syndrome": a change in a suite of traits, not just the low reactive aggression that breeders have deliberately singled out. For instance, in a fox study begun in Russia in the early 1950s, the pups in each litter least likely to bite when approached by humans were bred forward. Yet a variety of other features appeared in tandem with docility, among them a smaller face with a shortened snout and more frequent fertile periods, as in some other similarly domesticated species.
    [F] In his new book, Wrangham grapples fully for the first time with the paradox of the title. Over the decades during which he has focused mostly on the dark side of human nature, evidence has steadily accumulated that humans, from early on in their development, are the most cooperative species in the primate world. Put apes and humans in situations that demand collaboration between two individuals to achieve a goal, as a variety of experimenters have done, and even young children perform better than apes. Meanwhile, classic work on chimps has been complemented by new studies of bonobos, our other close relative. No more removed from us genetically than chimps are, they are a radical contrast to them, often called the "make love, not war" species. Some of our nonhuman kin, such fieldwork has revealed, can live and evolve almost without violence.
    [G] Wrangham’s 2009 book, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, pursued a very different hypothesis. Based on archaeological evidence, he made the case that our ancestors mastered fire much earlier than most of us had believed—perhaps closer to 2 million rather than 800,000 years ago—which changed everything for them. In particular, cooking made possible a much more diverse diet, by allowing the consumption of fruits, leaves, and other plant foods with toxic potential when eaten raw. It made meat, too, safer and easier to digest. As a major bonus, fire extended the day into the night. Given how important we know conversations and stories told around the fire are to human hunter-gatherers, it’s easy to see how this process could have accelerated the evolution of language—an essential ingredient for less physically aggressive interactions.
    【B1】→【B2】→【B3】→G→【B4】→【B5】→E
【B4】
选项
答案F
解析 选项[G]的主要内容是兰厄姆在2009年出版的《点火：烹饪如何造就人类》一书中提出的假设。他提出火的出现不仅推动了烹饪的发展，而且加速了语言的进化，同时减少了身体攻击。选项[F]探讨的是作者的新书对于其研究方向的改变，早期他认为人类天生暴力，然而更多证据显示人类是灵长类世界中最善于合作的物种。本段承接上一段内容讨论非暴力进化的可能性，故选项[F]是选项[G]的下一段内容，选项[F]为正确答案。
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