首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project A)The disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led
Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project A)The disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led
admin
2014-12-26
37
问题
Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project
A)The disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s. A request for help in improving the availability of transport within the remote Makete District of south-western Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new approach.
B)The concept of "integrated rural transport" was adopted in the task of examining the transport needs of the rural households in the district. The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system. The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities. The Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project(MIRTP)started in 1985 with financial support from the Swiss Development Corporation and was co-ordinated with the help of the Tanzanian government.
C)When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season. The regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare within the district, and alternative means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of the district. People relied primarily on the paths, which were slippery and dangerous during the rains.
D)Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. Little was known about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase I, between December 1985 and December 1987, focused on research. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills.
E)Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and burden. During Phase II, from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport.
F)An improvement of the road network was considered necessary to ensure the import and export of goods to the district. These improvements were carried out using methods that were heavily dependent on labour. In addition to the improvement of roads, these methods provided training in the operation of a mechanical workshop and bus and truck services. However, the difference from the conventional approach was that this time consideration was given to local transport needs outside the road network.
G)Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges.
H)It was uncommon to find means of transport that were more efficient than walking but less technologically advanced than motor vehicles. The use of bicycles was constrained by their high cost and the lack of available spare parts. Oxen were not used at all but donkeys were used by a few households in the northern part of the district. MIRTP focused on what would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of Makete in terms of what was available, how much they could afford and what they were willing to accept. After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys—a donkey costs less than a bicycle—and the introduction of a locally manufacturable wheelbarrow.
I)At the end of Phase II, it was clear that the selected approaches to Makete’ s transport problems had had different degrees of success. Phase III, from March 1991 to March 1993, focused on the refinement and institutionalisation of these activities.
J)The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year. Essential goods from outside the district had become more readily available at the market, and prices did not fluctuate as much as they had done before.
K)Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance. However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had been completed.
L)The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorised vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them. Even the introduction of low-cost means of transport was difficult because of the general poverty of the district. The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too expensive for all but a few of the households. Modifications to the original design by local carpenters cut production time and costs. Other local carpenters have been trained in the new design so that they can respond to requests. Nevertheless, a locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which costs around 5000 Tanzanian shillings(less than $20)in Makete, and is about one quarter the cost of a metal wheelbarrow, is still too expensive for most people.
M)Donkeys, which were imported to the district, have become more common and contribute, in particular, to the transportation of crops and goods to market. Those who have bought donkeys are mainly from richer households but, with an increased supply through local breeding, donkeys should become more affordable. Meanwhile, local initiatives are promoting the renting out of the existing donkeys.
N)It should be noted, however, that a donkey, which at 20,000 Tanzanian shillings costs less than a bicycle, is still an investment equal to an average household’ s income over half a year. This clearly illustrates the need for supplementary measures if one wants to assist the rural poor.
O)It would have been easy to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a "top-down" approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.
Prior to the start of MIRTP the Makete district was almost inaccessible during the rainy season.
选项
答案
C
解析
题干意为,在项目开始前,Makete地区在雨季几乎无法通行。原文C段第一句,“When the project began,Makete District was virtually totally isolated during therainy season.”题干“almost inaccessible”与“virtually totally isolated”是近义替换.所以选C。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Eim7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
EveryoneremembersthewhitewashingsceneinTheAdventuresofTomSawyer.Buthowmanyrecallthescenethatprecedesit?Havin
EveryoneremembersthewhitewashingsceneinTheAdventuresofTomSawyer.Buthowmanyrecallthescenethatprecedesit?Havin
A、Itwillbecomemorepopularthanbefore.B、Itwillhaveitstransportationdeveloped.C、Itsfootballindustrywillbeimproved
Biologically,thereisonlyonequalitywhichdistinguishesusfromanimals:theabilitytolaugh.Inauniversewhichappearst
A、Thefirstinfectedvictim.B、AcoastalvillageinAfrica.C、Thedoctorwhofirstidentifiedit.D、Ariverrunningthroughthe
A、SouthAfrica.B、EasternRussia.C、India.D、Congo.C短文说,最早的已知钻石于几个世纪前在印度被发现。所以C正确。选项都是国家或地区的名称,猜测题目可能问地点。边听边做笔记,把听到的国家或地区所出现的情况
A、Paidmuchattentiontotheresultsofscientificdiscoveries.B、Seldomintroducedsafetylawsbeforedisastersoccurred.C、Har
随机试题
()出版物消费者一般看书刊内容前先看定价。
简述会计科目的设计原则。
假尿嘧啶核苷酸的糖苷键是
出现颞叶沟回疝时,有定位意义的瞳孔变化是
刘某和赵某共同致王某轻伤,王某以故意伤害(轻伤)罪将刘某起诉到法院,法院受理案件后,经审理判决刘某有期徒刑1年。此后,王某又以同一事实将赵某诉至法院,该法院应当如何处理?()
房屋结构除了要保证安全外,还应满足适用性的要求,在设计中称为正常使用的( )状态。
采用补偿贸易方式下引进国外设备价款属于()。
下列各项中,属于变造会计账簿行为的有()。
2005年7月1日是星期五,那么2008年7月1日是星期几?
1.打开考生文件夹下的Word文档WORD1.doc,其内容如下;【WORD1.doc文档开始】人生要学会遗忘人生在世,忧虑与烦恼有时也会伴随着欢笑与快乐的。正如失败伴随着成功,如果一个人的脑子里整天胡思乱想,把没有价值的东西也记
最新回复
(
0
)