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  3. If there is any endeavour whose fruits should be freely available, that endeavour is surely publicly financed science. Morally,

If there is any endeavour whose fruits should be freely available, that endeavour is surely publicly financed science. Morally,

admin2013-09-16  31
问题     If there is any endeavour whose fruits should be freely available, that endeavour is surely publicly financed science. Morally, taxpayers who wish to should be able to read about it without further expense. And science advances through cross-fertilisation between projects. Barriers to that exchange slow it down.
    There is a widespread feeling that the journal publishers who have mediated this exchange for the past century or more are becoming an impediment to it. One of the latest converts is the British government. On July 16th it announced that, from 2013, the results of taxpayer-financed research would be available, free and online, for anyone to read and redistribute. Britain’s government is not alone. On July 17th the European Union followed suit. It proposes making research paid for by its next scientific-spending round which runs from 2014 to 2020, and will hand out about ￠80 billion, in grants similarly easy to get hold of. In America, the National Institutes of Health has required open-access publishing since 2008.
    Criticism of journal publishers usually boils down to two things. One is that their processes take months, when the internet could allow them to take days. The other is that because each paper is like a mini-monopoly, which workers in the field have to read if they are to advance their own research, there is no incentive to keep the price down. The publishers thus have scientists—or, more accurately, their universities, which pay the subscriptions—in an armlock. That leads to generous returns. In 2011 Elsevier, a large Dutch puhlisher, made a profit of ￡768m on revenues of ￡2. 06 billion—a margin of 37%. Indeed, Elsevier’s profits are thought so egregious by many people that 12,000 researchers have signed up to a boycott of the company’s journals.
    Publishers do provide a service. They organise peer review, in which papers are criticised anonymously by experts. And they sort the scientific sheep from the goats, by deciding what gets published, and where. That gives the publishers huge power. Since researchers, administrators and grant-awarding bodies all take note of which work has got through this filtering mechanism, the competition to publish in the best journals is intense, and the system becomes self-reinforcing, increasing the value of those journals still further.
    But not, perhaps, for much longer. Support has been swelling for open-access scientific publishing: doing it online, in a way that allows anyone to read papers free of charge. The movement started among scientists themselves, but governments are now, as Britain’s announcement makes clear, paying attention and asking whether they, too, might benefit from the change. A revolution, then, has begun. Technology permits it; researchers and politicians want it If scientific publishers are not trembling in their boots, they should be.
The author lists the examples of Britain, EU and America to show______.
选项 A、the common types of government intervention with academic publishing
B、the tremendous efforts by governments to promote research
C、the inevitable trend on free availability of scientific results
D、the widespread disagreement between publishers and governments
答案C
解析 根据题于关键词定位到第二段。该段首先紧承上段指出，学术期刊出版商正日益成为科研项目间交流的障碍，随后介绍了近来的现象：英国政府宣布公开纳税人资助的科研成果；欧盟计划使其下一轮科研经费资助的研究成果能够被人们免费获取；美国国家卫生研究院更是早已要求科研出版物能够公开获取。可见，作者是在指出“出版商控制学术期刊出版”的不合理，并通过列举的于法说明“开放获取”已是大势所趋，[C]选项正确。
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