首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
(1) Everyone in today’s supercharged workplaces experiences stress. Yet executive and professional women consistently experience
(1) Everyone in today’s supercharged workplaces experiences stress. Yet executive and professional women consistently experience
admin
2018-06-29
27
问题
(1) Everyone in today’s supercharged workplaces experiences stress. Yet executive and professional women consistently experience more stress, anxiety, and psychological distress than do men. There are, undoubtedly, a variety of reasons for this—more domestic responsibilities, having been socialized to say "yes" to all requests, and receiving lower pay for similar work immediately come to mind. But, based on our experience coaching and mentoring thousands of women over the years, we believe women experience more workplace stress than men primarily because they must contend with stereotype threat—a phenomenon that is virtually unknown to men.
(2) Stereotype threat occurs when a woman is aware of a stereotype that women perform poorly compared to men at a given task—test, negotiation, presentation, competition—as a result of which she fails to perform up to her ability. Simply knowing about a negative gender stereotype can cause a woman to become subconsciously apprehensive about confirming the stereotype, leading to a reduction in cognitive ability, impaired concentration, and increased stress and anxiety.
(3) A classic experiment to demonstrate the effect of stereotype threat involves giving women a math test after being reminded of the traditional stereotype that women are not as good at math as men. Under these conditions, women consistently perform below their potential. (Women who are not primed to think about gender gaps in math perform just as well as men do.) Other experiments showing stereotype threat have included activities as different as playing chess and driving.
(4) Women, of course, are not the only group to experience stereotype threat. It’s also been documented by researchers among African Americans, Latinos, and people from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Even high status white men perform worse on social sensitivity tests—tests of their ability to decode others’ nonverbal cues—when they are told women typically score better on these tests than men.
(5) Although stereotype threat is not unique to women, we have singled it out as a primary cause of women’s greater workplace stress for a simple reason; the workplace is a minefield of negative stereotypes for women. This minefield exists because success in business and the professions—being perceived as a leader, effective negotiator, strong advocate, and keen evaluator—involves performing tasks associated with positive male stereotypes and negative female ones.
(6) Stereotype threat is debilitating because it reduces the available working memory women have available for performing a specific task—and the availability of working memory is one of the strongest correlates with general intelligence. In other words, when women experience stereotype threat, they expend mental resources in an effort to disprove the stereotype, thereby reducing their mental resources for performing the task at hand. Stereotype threat thus creates a vicious circle of stress, anxiety, and reduced performance that maintains and exacerbates the under-representation of women in this country’s senior leadership positions.
(7) It is self-defeating for women to seek to avoid the effects of stereotype threat by trying not to be anxious, not to have feelings of self-doubt, and not to pay attention to negative gender stereotypes. Such efforts further deplete the cognitive resources available to them for successfully performing workplace tasks.
(8) Dealing with stereotype threat effectively requires women to employ smarter strategies, such as imagining themselves as stereotypical men—tough, risk-taking, and competitive—for a few minutes before engaging in a task with potential stereotype threat; reminding themselves that the anxiety they may experience when performing a task with a negative gender stereotype has nothing to do with their actual ability and everything to do with stereotype threat; and avoiding viewing themselves through a gender lens ("I am the only woman in this meeting") instead of focusing on their achievements and abilities ("I am the only person in this meeting with an MBA"). These are all research-backed strategies for overcoming stereotype threat.
(9) Our experience suggests one more: women can be effective in overcoming stereotype threat when they maintain a strong sense of humor. This means maintaining a positive attitude even in trying situations; being willing to laugh at themselves, their circumstances, and the idiosyncrasies of their workplaces; and enjoying a silent chuckle when confronted with the unexpected, bizarre, incongruous, and ironic things that happen all the time.
(10) A concrete example of using humor to cope with potential stereotype threat may be helpful here. When Andrea, who goes by the nickname Andie, was a young lawyer, she walked into a conference room just as the client, who had his back to the door, was saying, "Andie? Is that a girl? I can’t work with a girl. " Rather than taking offense or getting angry, she put her hand on his shoulder and said, " I think we should start our introduction over again. Don’t you?" She walked out of the room, turned around, came back in, introduced herself, and shook hands. She went on to work with that client for many years.
(11) By bringing humor to bear on the difficult and stressful situations caused by stereotype threat, women can diminish their negative emotional reactions and increase their performance capabilities. Humor also allows them to change their perspective on the excessive external or internal demands that stereotype threat might otherwise create.
(12) Using humor to cope with stereotype threat is not about laughing out loud, but about cultivating an attitude that gender stereotypes aren’t just infuriating, but frequently ridiculous. We believe that the human brain is flexible enough to simultaneously recognize that gender stereotypes are seriously harmful, but also that there is something somewhat laughable about people really believing that women are poor negotiators, lack ambition, and cannot be effective leaders. When a woman can see the absurdity of gender stereotypes, she can reimagine stereotype threat as a challenge, not a danger. She can use humor to put emotional distance between herself and the threat. She can increase her self-confidence as she exposes herself to potentially unpleasant personal situations, especially those likely to involve an evaluation of her performance.
(13) Women can use a variety of techniques to improve their ability to use humor to cope with workplace stress.
(14) And finally, women can—indeed, should—keep the following comment from Peggy Noonan, former presidential speech writer and Wall Street Journal columnist, in mind: " Humor is the shock absorber of life; it helps us take the blows. "
The word "primed" in Para. 3 probably means______.
选项
A、precipitate
B、prefabricate
C、preclude
D、preinform
答案
D
解析
语义题。文章第三段前两句提到,参加数学测试的女性在被提醒女性的数学不如男性这一刻板印象后,其表现始终低于其潜能。第三句则指出另外一组女性的表现和男性一样好,这一组和之前的测试组女性形成对比,是没有被事先提醒男女之间在数学方面存在性别差异,由第一句中的“after being reminded”可知,该词与[D]“preinform”意义相近,意为“预先告知”,故[D]为答案。[A]“使沉淀;使陷入”和[C]“排除,阻碍”明显与原文不符,故排除;[B]“prefabricate”虽然含有“预先的”意思,但是指“预先制造;预先构思”,也与原文不符,故排除。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/EzEK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
A、Becausetheyfollowtheleadoffamouspeople.B、Becausetheyliketotrysomethingnew.C、Becauseyogacanmakefriendsthrou
A、Executivefunction.B、Memorizingfunction.C、Problemsolvingfunction.D、Namerecognitionfunction.A本题设题点在时间状语从句处。根据句(3)可知,神经
PassageFourWhatisthemostprominentcharacteristicofWoolf’snovels?
PassageThreeWhatisthepublic’sfeelingtowardsgovernmentonpark-closingissue?
PassageThreeWhyarethecontrolsofamoderncarcriticized?
PassageThreeInthewriter’sopinion,whatproblemaffectsmicrowaveovens?
PassageThreeWhatisthecriterionofergonomicsasthemanufacturersassert?
PassageOne
Healthyadultstakeapproximately10-14breathsperminute,butsomepeoplebreathe20ormoretimes—thiscanleadtofeeling
Healthyadultstakeapproximately10-14breathsperminute,butsomepeoplebreathe20ormoretimes—thiscanleadtofeeling
随机试题
某企业2010年7月份的速动比率为1.2,该企业流动资产包括存货、待摊费用、货币资金、交易性金融资产和应收账款五个部分,其中应收账款占整个企业流动负债的比例为40%。要求:计算该企业7月份的现金比率,并作简要评价。
净化饮用水常用的混凝剂是
病灶与周围组织密度接近,为突出病灶,CT窗的调整应为
局限在子宫体部
下列()类型属于开级配沥青混合料。
[2016真题·多选(选做)]民用建筑中的变配电所,从防火安全角度考虑,一般应采用断路器的形式有()。
国库集中收付制度是指由财政部门代表政府设置国库单一账户,所有的财政性资金均纳入国库单一账户收缴、支付和管理的制度。()
在风险评估系图中,最需要关注的风险是()。
小青岛小巧如螺,海拔17米,面积()平方公里。
人的大脑分左、右两半球,大脑的()半球控制语言活动,()半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。
最新回复
(
0
)