首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we look at a horse by the name of Hans. Hans could reason
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we look at a horse by the name of Hans. Hans could reason
admin
2010-08-21
58
问题
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we look at a horse by the name of Hans. Hans could reason and "talk". Hans had been trained by a math teacher, Mr. Osten, to communicate by tapping forefoot and moving his head. A head nod meant yes, and a shake suggested no. Mr. Osten developed a code for verbal information in which each letter was represented by a pair of numbers. The letter A was coded as one tap, pause, one tap, and the letter I was three taps, pause, two taps. Once Hans learned to tap his foot or move his head. when questioned, he was given simple problems and then fed a piece of bread or carrot for correct responses. By the end of his training, Hans could spell words, and he excelled in math. He became a hero in Germany — his picture was on wine bottles and toys.
An official commission examined the horse, testing him to see if he really did all the things claimed. They came away very impressed and issued a statement that there was no evidence of any intentional influence or aid on the part of Hans’ questioners.
But there was one scientist who was not so sure that Hans was as intelligent as he had been portrayed. Oskar Pfungst, a sharp observer, had detected that Hans always faced his questioners. Pfungst hypothesized that this might have something to do with his math ability. The scientist set up a very simple experiment. He wrote numbers on a card and held them up one at a time, asking Hans to tap out the numbers written on each card. Half of the cards were held so that only Hans, not Pfungst himself, could see. Hans was his usual brilliant self, getting 92% of them correct. But for the numbers Pfungst could not see, Hans was no longer a brilliant horse, getting 8% correct.
Pfungst repeated the experiment over and over again with nearly the same results. He observed Hans with his other questioners. As soon as they stated the problem to Hans, most questioners would turn their head and upper body slightly. When the correct number of foot taps had been made by Hans, the questioner would move his head upward. Despite his years of work with the horse, Mr. Osten had never dreamed that Hans had learnt to "read" him. He felt angry and betrayed by the horse.
Thus we can see that experts sometimes can be wrong and that what sometimes seems to be the troth may be a false impression. Even experts can be fooled if they don’t make appropriate use of research procedures to check their observations.
Oskar Pfungst discovered that Hans performed badly in the math work when ______ .
选项
答案
his questioner could not see the numbers on the cards
解析
参见第三段最后一句:当Pfungst(提问者)不看题板(不知上面写的什么数字)时,Hans只能答对8%。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Fe7K777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Childrenare【C1】______seriousillnessesbecauseoftheirparentssmokingathome,saysthegovernment’schiefmedicalofficer,
A、Sendingthenextpackageearlier.B、Waitingpatiently.C、Usingairfreight.D、Lookingforthepackage.C判断推理题。男士说10天前寄的包裹到现在都
A、Therestaurantislosingmoney.B、Therestaurantshouldclosedown.C、Therestaurantisneitherlosingmoneynorgaining.D、Th
A、Agroupoffriends.B、Nobody,hesleepsoutside.C、JohnWilliams.D、Johnandhisfamily.C
Concernwithmoney,andthenmoremoney,inordertobuytheconveniencesandluxuriesofmodernlife,hasbroughtgreatchanges
Itisexcitedtoapplyforajobthatreallyappealstoyou.【S1】______Inmakingyourapplication,therearethenum
Itisexcitedtoapplyforajobthatreallyappealstoyou.【S1】______Inmakingyourapplication,therearethenum
A、Socialactivities.B、Culturalactivities.C、Languageactivities.D、Sportsactivities.C四个选项内容都包含在俱乐部活动中,但女士听完介绍后特别针对languagea
TherighttopursuehappinessispromisedtoAmericansbytheUSConstitution,butnooneseemsquitesurewhichwayhappinessr
PerhapsonlyalittleboybeingtrainedtobeawizardattheHogwardsschoolmagiccouldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreate
随机试题
A、Becausetheyarenothighlymotivated.B、Becausetheyarenotrightlyencouraged.C、Becausetheyarenotquitecurious.D、Beca
离心式压缩机气量调节的常用方法是——调节出口阀的开度。
男性,45岁,中度肥胖,自述既往有胃病史,因酗酒引起"胃痛",难以忍受,呕吐、腹泻,急诊入院。经查,血淀粉酶升高,白细胞和中性粒细胞升高,上腹部肌紧张。该患者每天胆固醇摄入量应
轻症牙釉质发育不全的病理变化不包括
采用非吸气型喷射装置的泡沫喷淋保护非水溶性甲、乙、丙类液体时,应选用()。
下列选项中,不属于破产费用的是()。
从评价主体的角度看,信息技术学科课堂教学中的评价方式有哪些?
通过对原则的演绎、推广和应用而确认某特殊事例隶属于该原则之内,这种学习即是奥苏贝尔提出的上位学习。()
简述严复“体用一致”的文化教育观。
在数据管理技术发展的三个阶段中.数据共享最好的是()。
最新回复
(
0
)