首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
admin
2010-03-25
48
问题
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements, basic moral duties, practical rules which promote efficiency, and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission.
Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
Extremely refined behaviour, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth century Provence, in France.
Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behaviour of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.
Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.
Which of the following is NOT an element of the code of etiquette?
选项
A、Respect for age.
B、Formal compliments.
C、Proper introductions at social functions.
D、Eating with a fork rather than fingers.
答案
D
解析
四个选项中,只有D不算是礼仪。A、B、C可在第二、三、六段中找到。有关使用刀叉用餐,第四段中提到,在叉子发明前,人们必须保持手指干净,以便用餐。并没有说用刀叉用餐是礼仪的一部分。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/G6qO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Withbighandbagsbecomingakeyfashionaccessoryforworkingwomen,healthexpertsarewarningtheycanalsobecomeakeyheal
A、Theyoungpeoplethemselves.B、Parentswhoaretoopermissive.C、Schoolauthorities.D、Thepermissivesociety.B
Emailcapturestheessenceoflifeatthecloseofthe20thcenturywithanauthoritythatfewotherproductsofdigitaltechnol
Thehumanbodyisaremarkable(1).Asanadult,youmayconsume(2)foodperyearandstillnot(3)apoundofbodyweight.Yo
CertainphrasesonecommonlyhearsamongAmericanswhich(1)toindividualisminclude:"Doyourownthing.""Ididitmyway."
A、WhydoAmericansenjoyfastfood?B、ThedevelopmentofdinersinAmerica.C、Thefatherof"diners".D、Whynottrydiningina
A、StudentsfromAmerica.B、StudentsfromEngland.C、StudentsfromAustralia.D、StudentsfromJapan.A
Extract1Simplyput,anewspapereditorialisanarticlethatexpressesanopinion.Whilethissinglesentencemaynotseem
A、Workinginatravelagency.B、OrganizingaBBQparty.C、TeachingEnglishtoChinesestudents.D、LearningChinese.D
A、Michaelhasbeenabroadfortwoyears,sohespeaksEnglishverywell.B、MichaelhasnotstudiedEnglishandhecannotspeaki
随机试题
关于急性硬膜外血肿CT表现的描述,正确的是
填入下面横线处,与上下文衔接最恰当的一句是()对爱好文科的学生,加强文科辅导是必要的,但是否可以忽视理科的学习呢?还要不要他们学好数学、物理、化学和生物呢?______。
患者,男,42岁。4年来经常腹胀,下肢浮肿,前胸有蜘蛛痣,腹水,肝未触及,脾大。应首先考虑的是
以滑膜炎为基本病理改变的风湿病是
检验试验费属于()。
下列关于股票及股票基金的说法错误的是()。
用人单位自用工之日起满1年不与劳动者立书面劳动合同的,视为用人单位自用工之日起满1年的当日已经与劳动者立无固定定期限劳动合同。()
何冀平《天下第一楼》
设f(x)是奇函数,除x=0外处处连续,x=0是其第一类间断点,则∫0xf(t)dt是
Atwhattimedoestheofficeopen?
最新回复
(
0
)