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  3. The Person’s Achievement Is Mostly Decided by the Day After Tomorrow Develop Rather Than Inborn Heredity

The Person’s Achievement Is Mostly Decided by the Day After Tomorrow Develop Rather Than Inborn Heredity

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问题      The Person’s Achievement Is Mostly Decided by the Day After Tomorrow Develop
                    Rather Than Inborn Heredity
    If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
    What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.
    Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above". Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. "With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20," Ericsson recalls. "He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers."
    This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person " encodes " the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
    Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion, the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers— whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.
Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey______?
选项 A、Faith will move mountains.
B、One reaps what one sows.
C、Practice makes perfect.
D、Like father, like son.
答案C
解析 主旨大意题。文章讲的主要是后天的训练和培养对成就起作用，而非其他。C“Practice makes perfect．”(熟能生巧)和主旨所传递的信息是一致的，所以为本题答案。本题考查的是对文章主旨的概括性解释。将谚语理解与文章主旨概括进行综合考查，增加了难度。由于“表现优秀的人”总是“培养(made)的”而不是天生的，培养的过程就是不断的practice。正确项C“Practice makes perfect．”正是对作者本意的概括。A“精诚所至，金石为开。”强调的是毅力的重要性，与文章主题无关。B“一分耕耘，一分收获。”强调的是勤奋的重要性，虽然与本文主题相关，但语义较为含糊，不如C更直接。D“有其父必有其子。”强调遗传的重要性，与文章结论矛盾，排除。
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