首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Unlike any other scientific topics, consciousness—the first-person awareness of the world around—is truly in the eye of beholder
Unlike any other scientific topics, consciousness—the first-person awareness of the world around—is truly in the eye of beholder
admin
2010-05-25
36
问题
Unlike any other scientific topics, consciousness—the first-person awareness of the world around—is truly in the eye of beholder. I know I am conscious. But how do I know that you are?
Through logical analogy—I am a conscious human being, and therefore you as a human being are also likely to be conscious—I conclude I am probably not the only conscious being in a world of biological puppets. Extend it to other creatures, and uncertainty grows. Is a dog conscious? An elm? A rock?
"We don’t have the mythical consciousness meter," said Dr. Chalmers, a professor of philosophy and director of the Center for Consciousness Studies at the University of Arizona. "All we have directly to go on is behavior." So without even an elementary understanding of what consciousness is, the idea of instilling it into a machine—or understanding how a machine might evolve consciousness—becomes almost unfathomable.
The field of artificial intelligence started out with dreams of making thinking or conscious machines, but to debate, its achievements have been modest. The field has evolved to focus more on solving practical problems like complex scheduling tasks than on imitating human behavior.
But many believe that the original goals of artificial intelligence will be attainable within a few decades.
Some people, like Dr. Hans Moravec, a professor of robotics at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, believe a human being is nothing more than a fancy machine, and that it will be possible to build a machine with the same features, that there is nothing magical about the brain and biological flesh. "I’m confident we can build robot with behavior that is just as rich as human being behavior," he said. "You could quiz it as much as you like about its internal mental life, and it would answer as any human being." To Dr. Moravec, if it acts consciously, it is conscious. To ask more is pointless.
Dr. Chalmers, regards consciousness as an unutterable trait, and it may be useless to try to pin it down. "We’ve got to admit something here is irreducible," he said. "Some primitive precursor consciousness could go all the way down" to the smallest, most primitive organisms, he said. Dr. Chalmers too sees nothing fundamentally different between a creature of flesh and blood and one of metal, plastics and electronic circuits. "I’m quite open to the idea that machines might eventually become conscious," he said, adding that it would be "equally weird". And if a person gets into involved conversations with a robot about everything from Kant to baseball, "We’ll be as practically certain they are conscious as other people," he said. "Of course, that doesn’t resolve the theoretical question".
But others say machines, regardless of how complex, will never match people.
The arguments can become mysterious. In his book Shadows of the Mind, Dr. Roger Penrose, a mathematician at Oxford University, enlisted the incompleteness theorem in mathematics. He uses the theorem, which states that any system of theorems will invariably include statements that cannot be proven, to argue that any machine that uses computation—and hence all robots—will invariably fall short of the accomplishments of human mathematicians. Instead, he argues that consciousness is an effect of quantum mechanics in tiny structures in the brain that exceeds the abilities of any computer.
The case of Dr. Roger Penrose intends to ______.
选项
A、indicate that robot is much more intelligent than human beings
B、reveal the futility of human beings in the mathematics’ problem solving
C、show the weakness of the robot in some areas and it is not omniscient
D、tell us artificial intelligence is no more clever than human beings
答案
C
解析
事实细节题。根据文章末段第三句话,Dr. Roger Penrose认为机器也无法摆脱不完备性的缺陷,可以排除选项A ,而确定正确答案为C 。选项B 只是用来说明问题的论据;而选项 D 不是Dr. Roger Penrose的初衷,予以排除。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/GS2K777K
0
专业英语四级
相关试题推荐
Whenouruniversitylaboratoryboughtthismicroscopeweweregivenaoneyear’s_______.
Innosmallmeasure,theepidemicofparanormalbeliefs--beliefsbeyondtherangeofscientificexplanation--isduetotherapid
What’stheagreementbetweenthegovernmentandtheunionleadersabout?
InAmerica,olderpeoplerarelylivewiththeiradultchildren.Butinmanyothercultureschildrenareexpectedtocare【C1】____
Thescientistshaveabsolutefreedomastowhatresearchtheythinkisthebestto______
Britainhasalwaysbeenfortunateinhavingplentifulenergyresources.Attheendoftheeighteenthcenturythesewereprincip
Nexttimeyougazeoutside【C1】______acoldwinterdayandthinkhowdeadeverythingappears,takeacloserlook.Naturema
We【C1】______upacamerafortheveryfirsttime.Wesnapsomepictures.【C2】______them,andletfamilymembersoohandaahover
Itlookedlikeatypicalbusinessmeeting.Sixmen,neatlydressedinwhiteshirtsandties,filedintotheboardroomofasmall
Theevolutionofsexratiohasproduced,inmostplantsandanimalswithseparatesexes,approximatelyequalnumbersofmalesan
随机试题
诊断成人肺结核最可靠的依据是
与双胎妊娠关系不大的是
下列关于证明的哪一表述是正确的?(2014年卷三45题,单选)
对开发完成后的房地产价值、开发成本等的测算,在传统方法中是根据开发完成后的房地产市场状况作出的。()
下列风险管理工作中,属于风险分析与评价工作的任务的有()。
依据企业所得税法的规定,下列各项中按负担所得的所在地确定所得来源地的是()。
脍炙人口的戏曲《打金枝》是豫剧。()
某师范学院给师范生开设“20世纪数学思想史”课,按照舒尔曼的教学知识分类框架,此课程核心功能是增进教师的()。
王彬与李兰于1999年5月1日举行婚礼并同居。同年8月,李兰继承了父亲的遗房1间。10月,王彬与李兰办理了结婚登记,领取了结婚证书。2001年2月,李兰生下一子。期间,王彬向朋友借款2000元用于购买各种母婴用品,另瞒着妻子向朋友借款3000元帮胞弟购房。
What’sthepercentage(百分数)ofpeoplelivingintownsnow?Townsarenowcrowdedbecause______.
最新回复
(
0
)