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  3. When we feel stressed, our adrenal glands release a peptide called Cortisol. Our body responds with Cortisol whether it faces ph

When we feel stressed, our adrenal glands release a peptide called Cortisol. Our body responds with Cortisol whether it faces ph

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问题     When we feel stressed, our adrenal glands release a peptide called Cortisol. Our body responds with Cortisol whether it faces physical, environmental, academic, or emotional danger. This triggers a string of physical reactions including depression of the immune system, tensing of the large muscles, blood-clotting, and increasing blood pressure. It’s the perfect response to the unexpected presence of a sable-toothed tiger. But in school, that kind of response leads to problems. Chronically high Cortisol levels lead to the death of brain cells in the hippocampus, which is critical to explicit memory formation.
    These physical changes are significant. Stanford scientist Robert Sapolsky found that atrophy levels in the hippocampus of Vietnam veterans with PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) ranged from 8 to 24 percent above the control group. Chronic stress also impairs a student’s ability to sort out what’s important and what’s not. Jacobs and Nadel (1985) suggest that thinking and memory are affected under stress. The brain’s short-term memory and ability to form long-term memories are inhibited.
    There are other problems. Chronic stress makes students more susceptible to illness. In one study, students showed a depressed immune system at test time; they had lower levels of an important antibody for fighting infection. This may explain the vicious academic cycle; more test stress means more sickness, which means poor health and missed classes, which contribute to lower test scores.
    A stressful physical environment is linked to student failure. Crowded conditions, poor student relationships, and even lighting can matter. Optometrist Ray Gottlieb says that school stress causes vision problems. That in turn impairs academic achievement and self-esteem. He says that, typically, a stressed child will constrict breathing and change how he or she focuses to adapt to the stress. This pattern hurts learning in the short and long run. Under stress, the eyes become more attentive to peripheral areas as a natural way to spot predators first. This makes it nearly impossible to track across a page of print, staying focused on small areas of print.
What does NOT Cortisol do?
选项 A、It leads to the death of brain cell.
B、It causes the release of adrenal glandsblood-clotting.
C、It prepares one for the attack of saber-toothed tigers.
D、It affects one’s immune system.
答案C
解析 事实细节题。第一段第四句提到，皮质醇引发的一系列生理反应在突然遇到剑齿虎时是适合的，并不是说它能使人准备好迎接剑齿虎的攻击，故[C]项错误，为答案。第一段最后一句提到，皮质醇水平长期高会引起海马体内的脑细胞死亡，由此可排除[A]项。第一段第三句提到，皮质醇引发一系列生理反应，免疫系统衰退、大肌群紧张、凝血和血压升高。由此可知，[B]项和[D]项正确，予以排除。
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