首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
(1) Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece used potions to fortify themselves before a cont
(1) Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece used potions to fortify themselves before a cont
admin
2017-02-25
48
问题
(1) Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece used potions to fortify themselves before a contest, and their modern counterparts have everything from anabolic steroids and growth hormones to doses of extra red blood cells with which to invigorate their bodies. These days, however, such stimulants are frowned on, and those athletes must therefore run the gauntlet of organizations such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which would rather that athletes competed without resorting to them.
(2) The agencies have had remarkable success. Testing for anabolic steroids (in other words, artificial testosterone) was introduced in the 1970s, and the incidence of cheating seems to have fallen dramatically as a result. The tests, however, are not foolproof. And a study just published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism by Jenny Jakobsson Schulze and her colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden suggests that an individual’s genetic make-up could confound them in two different ways. One genotype, to use the jargon, may allow athletes who use anabolic steroids to escape detection altogether. Another may actually be convicting the innocent.
(3) The test usually employed for testosterone abuse relies on measuring the ratio of two chemicals found in the urine: testosterone glucuronide (TG) and epitestosterone glucuronide (EG). The former is produced when testosterone is broken down, while the latter is unrelated to testosterone metabolism, and can thus serve as a reference point for the test. Any ratio above four of the former to one of the latter is, according to official Olympic policy, considered suspicious and leads to more tests.
(4) However, the production of TG is controlled by an enzyme that is, in turn, encoded by a gene called UGT2B17. This gene comes in two varieties, one of which has a part missing and therefore does not work properly. A person may thus have none, one or two working copies of UGT2B17, since he inherits one copy from each parent. Dr. Schulze guessed that different numbers of working copies would produce different test results. She therefore gave healthy male volunteers whose genes had been examined a single 360mg shot of testosterone (the standard dose for legitimate medical use) and checked their urine to see whether the shot could be detected.
(5) The result was remarkable. Nearly half of the men who carried no functional copies of UGT2B17 would have gone undetected in the standard doping test. By contrast, 14% of those with two functional copies of the gene were over the detection threshold before they had even received an injection. The researchers estimate this would give a false-positive testing rate of 9% in a random population of young men.
(6) Dr. Schulze also says there is substantial ethnic variation in UGT2B17 genotypes. Two-thirds of Asians have no functional copies of the gene (which means they have a naturally low ratio of TG to EG), compared with under a tenth of Caucasians—something the anti-doping bodies may wish to take into account.
(7) In the meantime, Dr. Schulze’s study does seem to offer innocents a way of defending themselves. Athletes traveling to Beijing for the Olympic games may be wise to travel armed not only with courage and the "spirit of Olympianism", but also with a copy of their genetic profile, just in case.
The second paragraph implies that testing for anabolic steroids _____.
选项
A、is always accurate and reliable
B、is proved to be inaccurate
C、may sometimes show inaccuracy
D、has helped end doping in sport
答案
C
解析
该段最后两句表明了合成类固醇检测产生的两个结果,体现了这种检测的不准确性,故C正确。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Ge7O777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Itcanbetemptingtohidefromthepeople,placesandtaskswhichmakelifestressful.Byremovingyoufromthesituation,it’s
Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothinglessthanatrueversionofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe
Nowadays,manypeopleusecomputerstohandleordinaryissuessuchasbankingandofficework,andtospendtheirsparetimeon
GivetheSenatesomecredit:inshapingthecurrentimmigration-reformbill,ithascomeupwithoneideathatalmosteverybody
Australia,whichisoneoftheworld’sdevelopedcountries,hasbecomerichthrough______
Greece’sthree-partycoalitionhasagreedto______.
Educationistheprocessoflearningandknowing,whichisnotrestrictedtoourschooltext-books.Itisaholisticprocessan
InflationInflation,asaneconomicphenomenon,isasufficientconditionforanincreaseinprice,butnotanecessaryone.
Imagineyou’reanemployer,lookingtohiremeforajob.YousubscribetoaWebsitethatgivesyoubackgroundinformation,and
A、Doafinancialcheckup.B、Readself-helpbooks.C、Doonlinebanking.D、Organizetheirdailyschedule.A录音中主持人说首先要谈一些关于财务检查(fin
随机试题
在广义的文化慨念中文化被分为的三个层面是_______、_______、_______。
甲状腺主要合成和分泌下面哪一种物质
腹部损伤患者观察期间,按常规要求,每次检查腹部的间隔时间为()
母乳喂养,开始增加辅食最适宜的时间是
原发性高血压的最重要的致病原因是
A.重型胎盘早剥B.完全性前置胎盘C.先兆子宫破裂D.子宫破裂E.以上都不是足月孕妇,27岁,重度妊高征,昨天突然有痛性阴道流血,量少,可能诊断为()
背景:某教学楼工程,建筑面积12000m2,框架结构,地上4层,檐高18m,施工单位中标后进场施工,施工过程中发生了如下事件:事件一:甲方将规划批准的、测绘院提供的场区定位桩坐标成果通知书交给施工单位,要求施工单位按要求定位、放线施工
张明轩,男,35岁,ABC公司中国区市场总监,每月税后收入80000元。孩子三月初刚过完3周岁生日,计划2008年迁入新居(漏写08年3月初买房,没有明说,编者注),但目前尚未购置新房,仍住在2004.年买的位于北京市北四环附近的两居室,该住宅当前市场价为
下列不属于儒家经典著作的是()。
富人有富人的忧愁,穷人有穷人的快乐。立业和成功,是诸多人的幸福理想;生活幸福,工作幸福,则是每个人的平常愿望。幸福密码,似乎像账户密码,一般人都有,但别人看不到,只有自己用心才能体会。下列选项中,与作者观点不一致的是:
最新回复
(
0
)