首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural value
Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural value
admin
2017-04-21
71
问题
Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values. In all cultures, parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the community’s moral precepts. Adults also condition each other’s observance of social norms, using methods ranging from mild forms of censure, such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark, to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous. The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment. Faced with increasing violence at home, many Americans endorsed Singapore’s use of corporal punishment’ to maintain social order. Was Fay’s punishment effective? Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown, but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singapore — which he left promptly.
The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them. The Gusii of Kenya, with a history of tribal warfare, face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces, including wild animals. Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children. Caning, food deprivation, and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment.
In contrast, the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca, Mexico, are a highly cohesive community, with little internal conflict, and social norms that encourage cooperation. Their social patterns appear adaptive, for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans, who control the official government and many economic resources in their region. The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children. Rather, they tend to rely on soothing persuasion. Social ostracism is the most feared punishment, and social ties within the community are very strong, so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.
In the United States, fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior, especially in small communities. Today, even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime, especially violent crime. Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment, another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had, so that prison is no longer as an effective punishment.
What is most likely to be the reason that Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment in conditioning their children’s social behavior?
选项
A、The Gusii face more danger and threat in their life.
B、The Gusii are an uncivilized tribe.
C、The Gusii parents prefer to treat their children cruelly.
D、The Gusii parents thought reward useless.
答案
A
解析
参阅文章第2段第2句:“The Gusii of Kenya,with a history of tribal warfare,facethreats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces,including wild animals. ”(不同国家和地区使用不同的策略来维持社会秩序,这与他们面临的危险和威胁有关。)
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/H39d777K
本试题收录于:
BFT阅读题库国际化人才外语考试(BFT)分类
0
BFT阅读
国际化人才外语考试(BFT)
相关试题推荐
HereisanadvertisementaboutaBusinessBookClub.Readtheadvertisementandcompletethegiveninformationform.Wri
HereisaletterfromColoradoStateUniversitytoinformtheapplicantMr.LithathehasbeenadmittedtoCognitivePsychology
Readthefollowingpassageandanswerquestions9-18.1.Peoplehavebeenpaintingpicturesforatleast30,000years.Theearli
Readthefollowingpassageandanswerquestions9-18.1.Mostyoungpeopleenjoysomeformsofphysicalactivity.Itmaybewalk
Imagineaworldwithoutbrands.【R1】______Noraucousadvertising,nouglybillboards,andnoMcDonald’s.Yet,givenachanceand
Imagineaworldwithoutbrands.【R1】______Noraucousadvertising,nouglybillboards,andnoMcDonald’s.Yet,givenachanceand
Imagineaworldwithoutbrands.【R1】______Noraucousadvertising,nouglybillboards,andnoMcDonald’s.Yet,givenachanceand
Therearemanydifferentreasonswhyfashionissuchapowerfulculturalandeconomicinfluenceindevelopedsocietiesatthebe
1.Properarrangementofclassroomspaceisimportanttoencourageinteraction.Mostofushavenoticedhowimportantphysicals
Whenwespeakofabasichumanneed,wemeansomethingwhichisnecessarytolife,somethingthatwecannotpossiblydowithout.
随机试题
房性期前收缩与室性期前收缩最具鉴别意义的是
A.呕吐物呈咖啡色B.呕吐物为隔餐宿食C.呕吐物含胆汁D.呕吐物有粪臭味E.呕吐物为鲜血低位肠梗阻患者呕吐的特点是
首先考虑为何病该病的主要传播途径为
A.简单扩散方式转入胎儿体内B.不易通过胎盘进入胎儿体内C.膜孔滤过方式转入胎儿体内D.经胎盘进入胎儿体内药量增多E.不能经胎盘进入胎儿体内
不属于火邪致病特点的是
关于局部麻醉定义哪项是正确的
陈蕾和其丈夫陈史强都已进入不惑之年,他们的家庭属于中等收入家庭,上有老,下有小,资金压力较大,为了积极应对资金缺口,他们聘请了理财规划师帮助他们理财规划。理财规划师通过与陈蕾夫妇沟通,获得了以下家庭、职业与财务信息:一、案例成员二、收支情况陈蕾在国
产品成本计算的分批法,适用的生产组织特点是()。
2010年11月12日至27日,第16届亚运会在中国广州举行。下列关于亚运会的表述,不正确的是()。
AndreWattsgaveadazzlinginterpretationofBeethoven’s"Emperor"concerto.
最新回复
(
0
)