首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Unlike any other scientific topics, consciousness—the first-person awareness of the world around—is truly in the eye of beholder
Unlike any other scientific topics, consciousness—the first-person awareness of the world around—is truly in the eye of beholder
admin
2010-05-25
67
问题
Unlike any other scientific topics, consciousness—the first-person awareness of the world around—is truly in the eye of beholder. I know I am conscious. But how do I know that you are?
Through logical analogy—I am a conscious human being, and therefore you as a human being are also likely to be conscious—I conclude I am probably not the only conscious being in a world of biological puppets. Extend it to other creatures, and uncertainty grows. Is a dog conscious? An elm? A rock?
"We don’t have the mythical consciousness meter," said Dr. Chalmers, a professor of philosophy and director of the Center for Consciousness Studies at the University of Arizona. "All we have directly to go on is behavior." So without even an elementary understanding of what consciousness is, the idea of instilling it into a machine—or understanding how a machine might evolve consciousness—becomes almost unfathomable.
The field of artificial intelligence started out with dreams of making thinking or conscious machines, but to debate, its achievements have been modest. The field has evolved to focus more on solving practical problems like complex scheduling tasks than on imitating human behavior.
But many believe that the original goals of artificial intelligence will be attainable within a few decades.
Some people, like Dr. Hans Moravec, a professor of robotics at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, believe a human being is nothing more than a fancy machine, and that it will be possible to build a machine with the same features, that there is nothing magical about the brain and biological flesh. "I’m confident we can build robot with behavior that is just as rich as human being behavior," he said. "You could quiz it as much as you like about its internal mental life, and it would answer as any human being." To Dr. Moravec, if it acts consciously, it is conscious. To ask more is pointless.
Dr. Chalmers, regards consciousness as an unutterable trait, and it may be useless to try to pin it down. "We’ve got to admit something here is irreducible," he said. "Some primitive precursor consciousness could go all the way down" to the smallest, most primitive organisms, he said. Dr. Chalmers too sees nothing fundamentally different between a creature of flesh and blood and one of metal, plastics and electronic circuits. "I’m quite open to the idea that machines might eventually become conscious," he said, adding that it would be "equally weird". And if a person gets into involved conversations with a robot about everything from Kant to baseball, "We’ll be as practically certain they are conscious as other people," he said. "Of course, that doesn’t resolve the theoretical question".
But others say machines, regardless of how complex, will never match people.
The arguments can become mysterious. In his book Shadows of the Mind, Dr. Roger Penrose, a mathematician at Oxford University, enlisted the incompleteness theorem in mathematics. He uses the theorem, which states that any system of theorems will invariably include statements that cannot be proven, to argue that any machine that uses computation—and hence all robots—will invariably fall short of the accomplishments of human mathematicians. Instead, he argues that consciousness is an effect of quantum mechanics in tiny structures in the brain that exceeds the abilities of any computer.
According to the passage, ______ may be the most reliable touchstone for consciousness.
选项
A、behavior
B、logical deduction
C、laboratory experiment
D、mental testing
答案
A
解析
事实细节题。根据文章第三段Dr. Chalmers所说的话,We don’t have the mythical consciousness meter和All we have directly to go on is behavior可以看出,到目前为止,科学家只能通过行为来判断人和机器人是否具有意识。下文提到人工智能研究等也是通过判断机器人的行为来判断其是否有意识,因此选A ,第二段中提到逻辑推理,但是不能达到要求,所以排除B ;选项C 是干扰项,下文虽然提到了人工智能研究等,但是试验只不过是达到目的的前提而已,生产的机器人也还要进行性能表现测试;选项D 文章没有提及。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/HS2K777K
0
专业英语四级
相关试题推荐
Innosmallmeasure,theepidemicofparanormalbeliefs--beliefsbeyondtherangeofscientificexplanation--isduetotherapid
Mostpeoplefoundithardtobelievethatsuchaseemingly______manshouldhavedonethatwickedthing.
Whydoyouteach?MyfriendaskedthequestionwhenItoldhimthatIdidn’twanttobeconsideredforanadministrativepositio
The"fatherofwaters",theMississippiRiverisoneofthe【C1】______intheworld.AccordingtotheUnitedStatesArmyCorpsof
WhatwouldhappentotheArgentineofficers?
Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English______mucheasiertolearn.
Letusconsiderwhatscienceandtechnologyhavetocontributetothefoodproblem.Thesimplestwaytoincreasefoodprodu
TheU.N.InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency______
Thereisaway______hecanbesaved.
Fortheexecutiveproducerofanetworknightlynewsprogram,theworkdayoftenbeginsatmidnight—asminedidduringsevenyea
随机试题
石油沥青通常装在()以下的金属容器内破碎。
A.糖尿病合并肾小球硬化症B.肾性糖尿C.应激性糖尿D.1型糖尿病E.甲状腺功能亢进血糖正常,尿糖(+),OGlvr正常,空腹血浆胰岛素正常
无菌环境下配置的要素饮食,其有效时间应小于
在人胚2周时,原始视窝出现于
治疗反复发作的顽固性哮喘,宜首选的药物是
建筑幕墙安装工程属于危险性较大的分部分项工程,且施工人员在施工过程中经常处于高空作业状态,安全风险大,在施工过程中有很多干扰安全的因素。属于超过一定规模的危险性较大的建筑幕墙安装工程的高度为()及以上。
划拨土地使用权只能由()人民政府依法批准。
工程量清单是由()编制的。
关于商标注册的说法,错误的是()。
______是对数据库中数据的物理结构和存储方式的描述。A)外模式B)模式C)子模式D)内模式
最新回复
(
0
)