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  3. Nineteenth-century associationist theories assumed that the mind functions in terms of association, forming sets of concepts and

Nineteenth-century associationist theories assumed that the mind functions in terms of association, forming sets of concepts and

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问题     Nineteenth-century associationist theories assumed that the mind functions in terms of association, forming sets of concepts and experiences. Associationists argued that mental contents could be studied by noting the links of similarity, contrast and proximity which exist in an individual’s thought and behavior patterns. Pavlov’s notion of conditioning is itself base on the associationist theory that one stimulus becomes associated with another. If a bell is rung each time a dog is given food, the dog will become conditioned to salivate on hearing the bell ring, despite the absence of food.
    First used to investigate the differences in cognitive styles, word-association tests became a sensitive instrument for the detection of emotional concerns.
    In a word-association test, a subject is presented with a list of about 100 words as stimuli. Each word is chosen by the tester and the subject is required to respond with the first word that comes into his or her mind on hearing the stimulus word. The tester notes the subject’s response time for each of the words with the use of a chronometer.
    It is argued that if the subject is emotionally indifferent to a stimulus word, the response time for the reaction is very short. If, on the other hand, the stimulus word carries emotional significance for the subject, the response time is likely to be significantly longer. In addition, reactions to significant words may also include hesitation, stuttering, involuntary movement or other symptoms of disturbance.
    Jung, who used word-association tests in the early part of his career, showed that family members, in particular mothers and daughters and husbands and wives, exhibited similar responses to the same stimulus words. He argued that this indicated a failure to achieve individuation and was indicative of the potentially negative dynamics that exist in family relationships.
    In a test carried out by Donald D. Jaffe, a pioneer of word-association tests, a subject was observed to exhibit delay and disturbance in response to the words "friend", "bottle", and "fight". Jaffe suggested that the subject had been involved in a drunken fight with a friend in which a window had been broken. The subject admitted that such an experience had, indeed, taken place and that the friend had asked the subject to pay for the damages resulting from injuries he had received.
In a word-association test, ______can be significant.
选项 A、the time of response
B、the word provided by a subject
C、facial expressions of the subject on hearing the word
D、all of the above
答案D
解析 事实细节题。根据题干中的significant将本题出处定位于文章第四段。第四段第二、三句提到，如果刺激词对研究对象具有情感意义，反应时间很可能显著延长。此外，对重要词语的反应还包括犹豫、口吃、无意识动作或者其他干扰征兆。由此可知，[A]项、[B]项和[C]项在词联想测验中都具有重要意义，故答案为[D]项。
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