2. 外语
  3. 1　　"International communication" is communication between members of different cultures. This definition is simple. But t

1　　"International communication" is communication between members of different cultures. This definition is simple. But t

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问题 1　　"International  communication"  is  communication  between  members  of  different cultures. This definition is simple. But the process is complex. Intercultural communication involves differing perception, attitudes, and interpretations. We know that even two people from the same culture can have communication problems. People can unintentionally hurt each other by something they say or do. Isn’t it logical, then, that communication problems can be compounded among people who do not have the benefit of shared experiences (i. e. language and culture)?
2　　Cultures do not communicate;  individuals  do.  Everyone has a unique style of communication, but cultures determine a general style for their members. The relationship of the individual to his culture is analogous to an actor and his director. The actor puts his own personality into his acting but is nevertheless influenced by the director. We are not always aware of the subtle influences of our cultures.
3　　Problems and misinterpretations do not result every time members from two cultures communicate. However, when cultural conflicts do arise, they may be perceived as personal rather than cultural. Some misunderstandings are insignificant and can be easily ignored or remedied. Other conflicts are more serious in that they can cause misunderstandings and create persistent negative attitudes toward foreigners.
4　　Difficulties in intercultural communication arise when there is little or no awareness of divergent cultural values and beliefs.  In cross-cultural interaction,  speakers sometimes assume what they believe is right, because they have grown up thinking their way is the best. This ethnocentric assumption can result in negative judgments about other cultures. Another manifestation of ethnocentric attitudes is that people become critical of individuals from different cultures.
5　　Sometimes negative reactions do not result from actual interaction but rather from the fixed, preconceived beliefs we have about other people. These over-generalized beliefs or "stereotypes" frequently shape people’s perceptions of each other.
6　　Stereotypes originate and develop from numerous sources such as jokes, textbooks, movies, and television.  Movies about cowboys and Indians portray cowboys as "civilized" and Indians as wild and "primitive." A child who knows about the American Indians only through watching these movies will have a distorted and false image of this group of people. Stereotypes perpetuate inaccuracies about religious, racial, and cultural groups.
7　　Stereotyped beliefs prevent us from seeing people as individuals with unique characteristics. Negative stereotypes lead to prejudice, suspicion, intolerance, or hatred of other cultural groups.
8　　Cultural conflicts occur as a result of misinterpretations, ethnocentrism, stereotypes, and prejudice. Preventing these conflicts is possible with increased awareness of our own attitudes as  well as sensitivity to cross-cultural differences. Developing intercultural sensitivity does not mean that we need to lose our cultural identities but rather that we recognize cultural influence within ourselves and within others.  
By comparing the culture to the director, the author purports to__________
选项 A、stress the significance of culture
B、show the indispensable role of culture
C、describe the dominant effect of culture
D、illustrate the subtle influence of culture
答案D
解析 本题为细节理解题。据第2段最后3句尤其是最后1句的总结可确定。
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