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It is part of the human condition to have implicit biases—and remain happily ignorant of them. Academic researchers, scientists)

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问题     It is part of the human condition to have implicit biases—and remain happily ignorant of them. Academic researchers, scientists)and clinicians are no exception. But it is not the cognitive bias that’s the problem. Rather, the denial that there is a problem is where the issues arise.
    Decades of research have demonstrated that cognitive biases are commonplace and very difficult to e-liminate and more recent studies suggest that disclosure of financial conflicts of interest may actually worsen bias. This is because bias is most often manifested in subtle ways unbeknownst to the researcher or clinician, and thus is usually implicit and unintentional. Indeed, recent neuroscience investigations demonstrate that the interplay of cognitive-emotional processing allows conflicts of interest to affect decision-making in a way that is hidden from the person making the decision.
    Despite these findings, many individuals are dismissive of the idea that researchers’ financial ties to industry are problematic. Many argue that subjectivity in the research process and the potential for bias can be eliminated by strict adherence to the scientific method and transparency about industry relationships. Together, scientists believe, these practices can guarantee evidence-based research that leads to the discovery and spread of "objective" scientific truths. The assumption is that the reporting of biased results is a "bad apple" problem, but what we have today is a bad barrel.
    Some have begun to use the analytic framework of "institutional corruption" to bring attention to the fact that the trouble is not with a few corrupt individuals hurting an organization whose integrity is basically intact. Institutional corruption refers to the systemic and usually legal practices that bring an organization or institution off course, undermine its effectiveness, and weaken public trust. Although the entire field of biomedicine has come under scrutiny because of concerns about an improper dependence on industry and all medical specialties have struggled with financial conflicts of interest, psychiatry has been particularly troubled, being described by some as having a crisis of credibility.
    This credibility crisis has been played out most noticeably in the public controversy surrounding DSM-5, the revised edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Concerns have been raised that because the individuals responsible for making changes and adding new disorders have strong and long-standing financial associations to pharmaceutical companies that manufacture the drugs used to treat these disorders, the revision process may be compromised by improper industry influence. Therefore, the APA(American Psychiatric Association)required that DSM-5 panel members file financial disclosures.
    However, the new disclosure policy has not been accompanied by any reduction in the financial conflicts of interest of DSM panel members. As science has repeatedly shown, transparency alone cannot alleviate bias and is an insufficient solution for protecting the integrity of the revision process. Sinclair Lewis once said, "It is difficult to get a man to understand something when his salary depends upon his not understanding it. "
"A ’bad apple ’problem" is most likely to refer to "______".
选项 A、a few corrupt individuals hurting a team or an organization
B、systematic practices that bring an organization off course
C、the failure in discovering objective scientific truths
D、research errors resulted from violation of scientific methods
答案A
解析 根据题干关键词a‘bad apple’problem直接定位到第三段。该段首先指出一些人的看法：通过“严遵科学方法”和“确保与企业关系透明”，可以消除研究过程中的主观性和偏见性。随后表明作者观点：这一看法成立的前提是带偏见的报告仅是a“bad apple”problem，但现在的情况是：我们面对的是a bad barrel。紧接着第四段指出，问题并非是几个腐败的个人伤及整个组织，而是机构性腐败。可见，作者用a bad apple和a bad barrel分别表示“几个伤及组织的个人”和“机构性腐败”，[A]选项正确。
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