首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece used potions to fortify themselves before a contest,
Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece used potions to fortify themselves before a contest,
admin
2012-04-23
32
问题
Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece used potions to fortify themselves before a contest, and their modern counterparts have everything from anabolic steroids and growth hormones to doses of extra red blood cells with which to invigorate their bodies. These days, however, such stimulants are frowned on, and those athletes must therefore run the gauntlet of organizations such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which would rather that athletes competed without resorting to them.
The agencies have had remarkable success. Testing for anabolic steroids (in other words, artificial testosterone) was introduced in the 1970s, and the incidence of cheating seems to have fallen dramatically as a result. The tests, however, are not foolproof. And a study just published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism by Jenny Jakobsson Schulze and her colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden suggests that an individual’s genetic make-up could confound them in two different ways. One genotype, to use the jargon, may allow athletes who use anabolic steroids to escape detection altogether. Another may actually be convicting the innocent.
The test usually employed for testosterone abuse relies on measuring the ratio of two chemicals found in the urine: testosterone glucuronide (TG) and epitestosterone glucuronide (EG). The former is produced when testosterone is broken down, while the latter is unrelated to testosterone metabolism, and can thus serve as a reference point for the test. Any ratio above four of the former to one Of the latter is, according to official Olympic policy, considered suspicious and leads to more tests.
However, the production of TG is controlled by an enzyme that is, in turn, encoded by a gene called UGT2B17. This gene comes in two varieties, one of which has a part missing and therefore does not work properly. A person may thus have none, one or two working copies of UGT2B17, since he inherits one copy from each parent. Dr. Schulze guessed that different numbers of working copies would produce different test results. She therefore gave healthy male volunteers whose genes had been examined a single 360rag shot of testosterone (the standard dose for legitimate medical use) and checked their urine to see whether the shot could be detected.
The result was remarkable. Nearly half of the men who carried no functional copies of UGT2B17 would have gone undetected in the standard doping test. By contrast, 14% of those with two functional copies of the gene were over the detection threshold before they had even received an injection. The researchers estimate this would give a false-positive testing rate of 9% in a random population of young men.
Dr. Schulze also says there is substantial ethnic variation in UGT2B17 genotypes. Two-thirds of Asians have no functional copies of the gene (which means they have a naturally low ratio of TG to EG), compared with under a tenth of Cancasians—something the anti-doping bodies may wish to take into account.
In the meantime, Dr. Schulze’s study does seem to offer innocents a way of defending themselves. Athletes traveling to Beijing for the Olympic games may be wise to travel armed not only with courage and the "spirit of Olympianism", but also with a copy of their genetic profile, just in case.
According to official Olympic policy, which of the following ratio between TG and EG is considered suspicious?
选项
A、1 : 1.
B、2.5 : 1.
C、3.3 : 1.
D、4.5 : 1.
答案
D
解析
原文第6段第2句句末表明不到1/10的高加索人没有UGT2B17基因的正常变体,C中的Most与原文该句中的under a tenth不符,故选C。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/IUiO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
ThelargestuniversityinCanadais______.
GreenpeaceisaninternationalenvironmentalorganizationfoundedinVancouver,Canadain1971.Itsgoalistoassuretheabilit
PeoplesoccupiedNorthAmericabeforethearrivalofthe【M1】______Europeaninthe15thcenturyhavelongbeenknown
PeoplesoccupiedNorthAmericabeforethearrivalofthe【M1】______Europeaninthe15thcenturyhavelongbeenknown
Cosmologyissometimespooh-poohedasmorephilosophythanscience.Itasksdeepquestionsaboutnaturebutprovidesunsatisfyin
TheImportanceofQuestionsFornon-nativespeakersofEnglishwhowanttoparticipateingroupdiscussions,itis’important
B语言学家及观点。ThePragueSchool主要进行共时性语言学研究(Synchroniclinguistics),从功能(function)的角度研究语言。
SomehearteningstatisticswerereportedlastyearbytheJournaloftheNationalCancerInstitute:themortalityrateforbreas
Computers,andespeciallyconnectingtotheInternet,provideuniqueopportunitiestoenhancescienceandmatheducation.Tak
IrelandisuniqueamongEuropeancountriesfor______.
随机试题
试述低钾血症导致代谢性碱中毒的机制。
心室颤动引起阿.斯综合征时,最有效的抢救方法是
某建筑公司承建一座15层商务楼。某日在12层支塑料模壳,焊接罗纹钢时,火星飞溅到塑料模壳上后燃烧起火,引燃铺设在脚手架上的竹芭,因现场无消防器具,造成火灾事故。请分析下列哪些是造成事故的主要原因?()
()是专门用于评估反映人身健康的环境价值评价方法。
账面价值法是指公司资产负债的()。
根据我国《婚姻法》的相关规定,夫妻可以采用约定财产制,夫妻约定财产制的约定方式是()。
某企业每半年存入银行10000元,假定年利息率为6%,每年复利两次。已知(F/A,3%,5)=5.3091,(F/A,3%,10)=11.464,(F/A,6%,5)=5.6371,(F/A,6%,10)=13.181,则第5年年末的本利和为()元
听说法的语言学基础是()语言学。
数据库具有最小冗余度、较高的程序与数据独立性、易于扩充和什么的特点?
数据库DB、数据库系统DBS、数据库管理系统DBMS之间的关系是()。
最新回复
(
0
)