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  3. Bankruptcy rates in the U.S. have been growing for more than two decades despite generally rising levels of personal income. The

Bankruptcy rates in the U.S. have been growing for more than two decades despite generally rising levels of personal income. The

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问题     Bankruptcy rates in the U.S. have been growing for more than two decades despite generally rising levels of personal income. The most prominent explanation puts the blame directly on credit cards, which became vastly more popular in the past 30 years. University of Pennsylvania law professor David A. Skeel notes that a 1978 Supreme Court decision allowed credit-card companies to charge the interest rate allowed in their state of incorporation. As a result, many incorporated in the high-rate states of Delaware and South Dakota. Being able to charge high rates throughout the country, they could afford to issue cards to those with limited ability to repay. Many high-risk cardholders, overburdened with debt, filed for bankruptcy.
    Skeel also notes that the impersonality of credit-card borrowing may have helped weaken the moral imperative to repay debts: in the 1960s a prospective borrower met face-to-face with a bank lending officer, but today the borrower gets credit by responding to a junk-mail offer.
    Other developments also fueled the rise in bankruptcy, including medical bills. A Harvard University study found that about a quarter of filers cited illness or injury as the specific reason for their troubles. Loss of jobs probably also drove some credit-card holders into bankruptcy. Other possible contributors include the growth of the gambling industry in recent years and the Supreme Court’s 1977 decision to allow lawyers to advertise directly to the general public.
    Changes in bankruptcy law apparently have had little effect on filings. The Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 was designed to make it easier for consumers to pay off debts and start anew. As under previous acts, penniless debtors could file for complete discharge of debts under Chapter 7, and debtors with substantial assets could arrange for partial repayment under Chapter 13. Most filers opted for the more generous provisions of Chapter 7. During the six years following implementation of the act, filings rose substantially. The act was amended in 1984 to curb opportunistic petitions. However, filings went in the opposite direction than expected. Evidently, easy credit and other debt-creating forces have been more powerful.
    The latest legal effort is the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, which went into effect in October. The new act lays down far more strict standards for debtors, including a test to qualify for Chapter 7 relief. Despite the new restrictions, bankruptcy experts tend to be skeptical or noncommittal about the effectiveness in reducing filings.
According to Paragraph 1, bankruptcy rates in the U.S. have been increasing mainly because
选项 A、having credit cards was a fashionable trend in the 1970s.
B、credit-card companies charged only those unable to repay high rates.
C、many indebted people easily claimed bankruptcy throughout the country.
D、many credit card holders pressed by debt have filed for bankruptcy.
答案D
解析 事实细节题，考查因果细节。第一段指出破产率的上升主要归咎于高利率信用卡的广泛使用，而很多高风险的信用卡持卡人不堪债务累累，于是申请破产。因此，D项为正确答案。
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