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  3. For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "

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问题     For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or ever to make as many as three turns to one side.
    Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because______.
选项 A、the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"
B、the sight of the lights was interesting
C、they need not turn back to watch the lights
D、they succeeded in "switching on" the lights
答案D
解析 本题问婴儿看见灯光亮了就咯咯笑是因为什么。利用查阅式阅读法，我们可以从文章的第四段中找到与答案相关的信息。这部分指出，帕剖赛克将显示灯放在婴儿的面前，婴儿并不回头去仔细看灯，而是在灯亮的时候发出“咯咯的笑声”。由此，帕剖赛克得出结论：并非是灯光使婴儿们高兴，而是婴儿(自以为)成功地解决了一个问题，掌握了一种技能而感到高兴。帕剖赛克认为，人类自身存在着一种内在的了解世界并力图有意识地加以控制的欲望。因此，本题的正确答案应是D“使婴儿高兴的并不是看见灯亮了，而是觉得自己做成了某件事，即把灯开亮了”。
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