首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gust
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gust
admin
2010-02-20
39
问题
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung.
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, was the founder of psychoanalysis and, some would say, of modern psychology itself. The main hypothesis of Freud’s theory is that human behavior is determined primarily by unconscious motives. These unconscious motives can be discovered through the use of free association, that is, through talking out problems with the patient. Freud’s theory of personality involved three broad areas of investigation into human behavior: structural, dynamic, and ’developmental. Structurally, Freud divided the human personality into id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious part of self. It is the repository(资源) of one’s instinctual needs and drives. Freud posed that it consisted of everything psychological that was inherited.
The ego is the rational aspect of the personality. It governs the impulsive needs created by the id and decides which needs can and will be Satisfied according to the conditions of the environment. The superego is the conscience, the ethical(伦理的) or moral aspect of personality. It is formed by the traditional values and ideals of the society or culture in which a person is born. The superego strives for the ideal. The "con science" part provides guilt feelings when moral values are violated. The "ego-ideal" part provides feelings of pride when the self acts in consonance with traditional values of the group.
Freud’s dynamic concepts involved instinct, libido, and anxiety. Generally, we term behavior as instinctive if it occurs without any apparent opportunity of its having been learned. Freud’s "instinct" differed in that it refers to an inborn bodily condition represented by "wish" and "need". Libido is descriptive of one’s emotional or psychic energy. This energy enables life "instincts" to perform their work and is derived from primitive biological urges--for example, the sex drive. Thus, the libido is usually goal directed. Anxiety, in psychological terms, is an uncontrollable state of fear often unrelated to a specific object or event. Freud’s developmental concepts included identification,’ displacement, defense mechanisms, and psycho sexual stages. Identification labels the behavior of an individual who imitates another person or group ( movie star, gangster, etc. ). Displacement occurs when the instinct is blocked and the frustrated energy is then diverted to substitute objects. Defense mechanisms (repression, projection, and reaction) describe behavior reacting to relieve extreme pressure and to defend the ego. Psychosexual stages refer to the five set stages of an individual, from birth through adolescence: oral (breast-sucking babyhood), anal (toilet-training period), phallic ( 36 years development of sexual feelings) , latancy ( intermediate stage between phallic and beginning of puberty(青春期) ,and genital( formation of genuine relationships and the end of narcissism(自我陶醉).
Freud’s two disciples broke with the master largely over the centrality of sex in Freud’s theorizing. Alfred Adler maintained that man was more a social being than a sexual one, and that individuals are primarily motivated by social interests. Carl Jung also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for hu man behavior. He stressed goal direction beyond childhood, as well as the influence of the ancestral past in such things as magic, power, and hero worship.
According to Freud’s developmental concepts at which stage of development is the individual LEAST likely to think of himself exclusively and outgrow what Freud calls "narcissistic behavior" ?
选项
A、Oral
B、Anal
C、Phallic
D、Genital
答案
D
解析
答案在文章的第四段。可以看出四个选项是在谈到Psychosexual stages时提出的。最后一句话对genital的特点进行解释,因此可以推出D最为合适。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/KYvO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Thinkgolfis【C1】______game?Thinkagain.ResearchersincludingDebbieCrewsofArizonaStateUniversityandJohnMiltonofthe
Thinkgolfis【C1】______game?Thinkagain.ResearchersincludingDebbieCrewsofArizonaStateUniversityandJohnMiltonofthe
Somepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogetherthey
Tothemajorityofus,musicisanindispensablepartofourdailylife.Itcanbedefinedinthisway,musicissoundarranged
A、Ithinkthecandidateisnotqualified.B、Ithinkthecandidateneednotbechecked.C、Ithinkthecandidate’slettersofreco
我们公司在全球市场上非常活跃,拥有超过3万名全球雇员。在五大洲都有我们的工厂、办事处和分公司,我们在全球化妆品市场上的份额也在不断攀升。这个图表显示了去年我们的销售情况,营业额达到了38亿美元。如果我们再仔细看,我们可以看到我们最大的一部分收入来自于顾客沙
Overthelastdecade,demandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedures,likebreastenlargementandnosejobs,hasincreas
Theteachingsequenceisintendedtohelplearners(1)inwritingshortanswers.Itconsistsofthreestages:(2),thepractice
Whoamongthefollowingisabiographer?Whoamongthefollowingownsasoccerteam?
OnecharacteristicoftherichclassesofadecliningsocietyistheirtendencytoWhichofthefollowingisNOTanelementof
随机试题
_______________出现以前的横断层面上无尾状叶,_______________出现以后的横断层面上固有尾状叶消失;第二肝门至胆囊窝之间的横断层面上,尾状叶借_______________裂与_______________叶、__________
资金流量表按机构部门顺序排列,其包括的部门有()
根据《民事诉讼法》的规定,下列关于审判制度的表述中,不正确的是()。
下列各项内容构成融资租赁中最低租赁付款额的组成部分的是()。
阅读下列材料,完成小题。材料一“厄尔尼诺”是指在赤道太平洋东部的大面积海域,出现呈2—7年周期性的海水温度异常增高的现象。“厄尔尼诺”影响范围广、危害大,在全世界范围内造成巨大的经济损失。材料二下图是“厄尔尼诺”年份海水温度距平等值线图(单位℃)。
皮肤破损出血、颈髓损伤、锐器插人体内、严重挤压伤等是灾害发生时的常见损伤类型,掌握科学的自救方法对于延续生命、等待救援很重要。下列自救措施中,恰当的是()。
生命意义的问题不可能还原为经验研究。如果所有认识论上的问题都可以由科学探究在实践中得到解决,那么,我们可能会觉得,即使所有这些问题在一觉醒来都得到了解决,这仍然与生命的意义这一问题毫无瓜葛,与美好的人类生活究竟包含着什么这个问题无关。这段文字所表达的主要意
什么是“导向需求”?宅与“议程设置”效果有什么关联?
关于数据库应用系统的需求分析工作,下列说法正确的是()。
Agloomyafternoonsawmetakingmyroutinepaththroughthatconstructionsite.Forthewalker’sconvenience,asetofstones
最新回复
(
0
)