首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 1 Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a
POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 1 Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a
admin
2012-01-14
34
问题
POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
1 Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a monarch, whose right to rule is generally hereditary and lifelong. At the start of the twentieth century, monarchs ruled over most of the world, but by the middle of the century, only a handful remained. A series of revolutions in the preceding centuries had weakened the European monarchies, and while monarchs remained symbols of national unity, real power had passed to constitutional assemblies. Monarchy survived as a form in Europe only where the king or queen functioned as the symbolic head of a parliamentary state, as in Britain, the Low Countries, and Scandinavia. It lasted longer in the few small states of Asia and Africa that had never come under direct colonial rule. By the 1960s, autocratic monarchy had become an outdated form of government. Throughout most of the world, people were considered citizens, not subjects, and the totality of the people were seen as constituting the state.
2 In most states where monarchical authority was removed, some form of liberal democracy took its place. A liberal democracy is a state where political authority rests in the people acting through elected representatives and where an elected executive is responsible to the will of the people as a whole.
The term
applies to a broad group of states with a parliamentary or representative political tradition. Liberal democracies differ from the communist states known as
people’s democracies
, in which the Communist party holds the ultimate authority. Generally, liberal democracies follow the parliamentary
pattern
, with the executive power vested in a cabinet responsible to the parliament and drawn from the majority party or combination of parties. In the United States, an independently elected executive, the president, functions separately from the legislative authority, the congress.
3 The doctrine that all of the people had effective authority, or sovereignty, became the basis for the functioning of democratic states. This doctrine of popular sovereignty became all-inclusive as citizenship rights were extended to classes formerly excluded and to women. The liberal democratic state claimed the right to control every aspect of human life according to the will of the people, except where limits on state control were directly stated in a bill of rights in a democratic constitution and recognized in practice.
4 All democratic states, both parliamentary and presidential, changed in form during the twentieth century. To meet the needs of an urban industrial society, states generally enlarged their scope of activity to control economic power and to provide common services to the people. The expansion of state activity and extension of state services involved a new view of legislation and its role in society. The passing of laws came to be seen as a way to promote the well being of the people. With this new concept of legislation, the number of new laws increased immensely, particularly in the areas of social welfare, education, health and safety, and economic development.
5 The trend toward liberal democracy continued throughout the century, but at various times there was also a tendency toward a revival of authoritarian rule. In a number of states, democratic governments could not cope with the crises of the time.
In these cases, some form of totalitarian dictatorship emerged, replacing popular sovereignty with the total power of the state.
In some instances, monarchy gave way directly to dictatorship. In others, dictatorial regimes took over democratically organized states, notably in Eastern Europe in the years between the two world wars, in new states of Asia and Africa in the 1950s, and sporadically in Central and South America.
6 Authoritarian governments showed three principle characteristics. First, there was a head of state or leader with exceptional powers, with a party to support him. Second, the legislative body was elected by a system that prohibited parties opposed to the regime, and third, there was a bureaucratic administration that was in no way subject to popular control. The most extreme position on these points was taken by Hitler’s totalitarian National Socialist State in the 1930s.
Glossary:
autocratic: characterized by unlimited power
autocratic: characterized by complete obedience to authority, lacking individual freedom
The word pattern in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
选项
A、choice
B、party
C、model
D、purpose
答案
C
解析
Pattern means model in this context. Clues: ...some form of liberal democracy...; ... with the executive power vested in a cabinet responsible to the parliament....The passage describes various forms or models of democracies: people’s democracies, parliamentary democracies, and presidential democracies. (1.4)
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/KxyO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes10-13
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?Inboxes9-13onyouanswersheet,writeTRUE
Lookatthefollowingpeople(Questions20-23)andthelistofideasbelow.Matcheachpersonwiththecorrectidea,A-E.Write
Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions18-23)andthelistofpeoplebelow.Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectperson,A,
HowdesertsareformedA.Adesertreferstoabarrensectionofland,mainlyinaridandsemi-aridareas,wherethereisal
SECTION2Questions11-20Questions11-14Decidewhichmethodormethodsofsendingmoneyabroadis/arebeingdescribed.Write
Inthemiddlepart,Klaraneedstousea______.HowmuchlongerdoesKlarahavetofinishtheproject?
WhichTWOmaterialscanbeusedasasubstratum?A.oxygen-richsolutionB.coconutfibreC.mineralwoolD.rock
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EngineeringforsustainabledevelopmentTheGreenhou
A、Aneducatedpopulation.B、Alargesupplyofgoodsandservices.C、Alargenumberofpublications.D、Anindustrializedsociety.
随机试题
小檗碱的反应是樟柳碱的呈色反应是
A.普罗帕酮B.盐酸美沙酮C.依托唑啉D.丙氧芬E.氯霉素对映异构体之间,一个有活性,另一个无活性的是
公司制期货交易所独立董事由中国证监会提名,( )通过。
在我国货币供应量指标中,属于准货币的有()。
A公司于2007年4月5日从证券市场上购入B公司发行在外的股票200万股作为可供出售金融资产,每股支付价款5元(含已宣告但尚未发放的现金股利1元),另支付相关费用10万元,A公司可供出售金融资产取得时的入账价值为()万元。
小张承诺,如果天不下雨,我一定去听音乐会。以下哪项如果为真,说明小张没有兑现承诺?()Ⅰ.天没下雨,小张没去听音乐会。Ⅱ.天下雨,小张去听了音乐会。Ⅲ.天下雨,小张没去听音乐会。
打造中国经济的“升级版”,我们必须告别增长速度的________,迎来均衡发展的百花争妍。越是“较劲”之时,越需要稳中有为,打好转变发展方式这场硬仗。填入画横线部分最恰当的一项是:()
南京政府成立以后,国民党各派军阀之间争斗不断,1930年5月爆发了规模巨大的_________蒋介石与冯玉祥、阎锡山、桂系之间的军阀混战。
若变量已正确定义,有以下程序段inta=3,b=5,c=7;if(a>B)a=b;c=a;if(c!=a)c=b;printf("%d,%d,%d\n",a,b,c);其输出结果是
•Lookatthenotesbelow.•Youwillhearawomancallingtoaskforaclaim.HarrisonTradingFirmLtd.NotesCus
最新回复
(
0
)