首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Whether or not animals feel is not altogether an easy question to answer. A human being has direct awareness only of the pains w
Whether or not animals feel is not altogether an easy question to answer. A human being has direct awareness only of the pains w
admin
2010-01-15
88
问题
Whether or not animals feel is not altogether an easy question to answer. A human being has direct awareness only of the pains which he himself suffers. Our knowledge of the pains even of other beings is only an inference from their words, and to a lesser extent their behaviour. Animals cannot tell us what they feel. We can, of course, study their bodily reactions to the kind of stimuli which would be painful to human beings and this has often been done. When such stimuli are applied to animals their pupils dilate, their pulse rate and blood pressure rise, they may withdraw the stimulated limb and they may make struggling movements. Nevertheless it has been pointed out that none of these reactions can safely be taken as indication that the animal experiences pain because they can all be evoked when the parts of the body stimulated have been isolated from the higher nervous centres. Furthermore, when disease produces such an isolation in human beings the corresponding stimuli are painless. We must therefore look for other evidence as to the capacity of animals to experience pain.
Basically, all the nervous elements which underlie the experience of pain by human beings are to be found in all mammalian vertebrates at least; this is hardly surprising as pain is a response to a potentially harmful stimulus and is therefore of great biological importance for survival. Is there any reason, then, for supposing that animals, though equipped with all the necessary neurological structures, do not experience pain? Such a view would seem to presuppose a profound qualitative difference in the mental life of animals and men, the difference between the human and subhuman nervous system lies chiefly in the much greater development of the human fore-brain. This would be significant in the present context only if there were reason to believe that it alone was correlated with the occurrence of conscious experiences. But much of our knowledge of the nervous regulation of consciousness is derived from experiments on animals.
Nevertheless, we cannot tell what pain means to an animal. We know from our own experience that pains differ greatly in their quality, severity and emotional accompaniments. We know, too, that experiences which in man would be fraught with intense and prolonged emotion cause only brief and fleeting disturbances in animals. The great development of the human forebrain is the basis of man’s capacity for foresight, apprehension, and memory which so profoundly affects his experiences. It would be rash, therefore, to conclude that the pain which animals feel can be in all respects equated with that which human beings experience.
According to the text, all of the following are true EXCEPT that ______.
选项
A、what pain means to an animal is still not clear to human beings
B、the great development of the human fore-brain is crucial to man’s experience of pain
C、the pain which animals feel can be in all aspects equated with what human beings experience
D、there are great differences in the quality, severity and emotional accompaniments in human pains
答案
C
解析
选项C不正确。“It would be rash...”从第三段最后一句可以得出。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/LBnK777K
0
专业英语四级
相关试题推荐
A、Askingasfewquestionsaspossible.B、Beingconfidenttotakecharge.C、Stressingyourqualificationandeducationbackground
(1)Innovation,theelixirofprogress,hasalwayscostpeopletheirjobs.IntheIndustrialRevolutionartisanweaverswereswe
MakeThataDoubleAfewyearsago,itdawnedonZachThomasthatcoffeedidn’thaveenoughcaffeine.At
WastheRedPlanetonceawetplanet?ApluckyMartianroverfinallydeliverssomehardevidence. GiovanniSchiaparellicoul
"What’sdonecannotbeundone,"moanedLadyMacbethinherfamoussleepwalkingscene.Ifshewokeupinthe21stcentury,she
GreenhouseEffectI.【T1】_____ofthegreenhouseeffectA.About【T2】_______ofthesunlightreachestheplanet’ssurfaceandisr
PassageThreeThesteakhousemaybeAmerica’sgreatestsingleachievement.Sure,there’sthatConstitutioneveryone’ssoimp
PassageTwoComplaintsandlawsuitscannotsolvetheproblemofoverregulation,onlyideascan,butforanindustrybuilton
MarkTwain’sAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnSamuelClemens,whosepennameisMarkTwain,publishesAdventuresofHuckleber
Youshouldknowbetterthan______yourlittlesisterathomebyherself.
随机试题
注射剂的质量检查项目有
李某夫妻在车祸中去世,全部遗产20万元留给6岁的儿子李甲。李甲的祖父与外祖母都要求担任李甲的监护人,争持不下。由于无人照顾李甲,某日李甲玩耍时失火烧毁他人房屋,造成损失30万元。对于此项损失_________。
贷款审查应对贷款调查内容的()进行全面审查,重点关注调查人的尽职情况和借款人的偿还能力、诚信状况、担保情况、抵(质)押比率、风险程度等。
某项目现有三个互斥的投资方案A、B、C,欲从中选择最有利的方案。已知各方案的寿命期都是一年,一年后的净残值为零,假设基准收益率为6%。根据以上资料,回答下列问题:B方案的内部收益率为()。
学前教育的实施形式及特征。
电子信息是可以加工处理的,处理方式包括()等。
下列关于许可证获得法律效力的表述,正确的是:()
高为10米,底半径为5米的正圆锥体,其高以每秒0.1米的速度均匀减小,底半径又以每秒0.05米的速度均匀增加,则当高为8米时,圆锥体体积的变化速度为().
Manyindigenouscultureshaveelaborateritualsthatmarkthe【C1】______fromchildhoodtoadulthood.InsomeAfricancultures,te
A、Playingwithparents.B、Talkingwithothers.C、Playingcardswithothers.D、Drawingandmakingthings.D
最新回复
(
0
)