首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
(1)Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy o
(1)Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy o
admin
2021-08-05
36
问题
(1)Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies(or friends)in the absence of language.
(2)Most investigators concur mat certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in mem. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
(3)Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles("feedback")are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions." Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
(4)Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons(humorous drawings of people or situations)as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
(5)What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters(substances that transmit nerve impulses.)The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow’s feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
(6)Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response—as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the Up is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
"Crow’s feet" wrinkles and "keep a stiff upper Up" are used to show _____.
选项
A、relationship between facial expressions and emotions
B、facial muscles’ influence on the emotion
C、the reasonableness of Ekman’s scientific research
D、emotions’ reflection on facial expressions
答案
C
解析
根据题干中“Crow’s feet”wrinkles and“keep a stiff upper lip”可直接定位至倒数第2段和最后一段。要特别注意原文中是在什么情况下提到这两种表情的:它们的共同之处都在于围绕Ekman的研究成果,所以正确答案是C。其他三个选项都脱离了原文出处的重点。应排除。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/LFIK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Gypsies,nomadsarrivinginEuropeinthe1400s,enduredexpulsions,forcibleremovalofchildren,servitudeingalleysormine
Educationgivesustheknowledgeoftheworldaroundus.Itdevelopswithusaperspectiveoflookingatlife.Ithelpsusbuild
Culturesaredifferentbecausethelocationstheyexistinaredifferent.Somepeoplelivinginthedesert,aregoingtolived
Thelasttwotornadoseasonshavebeenthedeadliestinadecade,with206deaths.EveryonefromtheinsuranceindustrytoAlG
Asmanyas40%ofuniversitylanguagedepartmentsarelikelytoclosewithinadecade,theformergovernmentadviserchargedw
Asheappliedsunscreentohisyoungdaughter’sface,DaraO’Rourke,professorofenvironmentalandlabourpolicyattheUniver
Conventionalwisdomaboutconflictseemsprettymuchcutanddried.Toolittleconflictbreedsapathyandstagnation.Toomuch
StephenKrashen’sTheoryofSecondLanguageAcquisitionStephenKrashenisanexpertinthefieldoflinguistics.Somepointsab
StephenKrashen’sTheoryofSecondLanguageAcquisitionStephenKrashenisanexpertinthefieldoflinguistics.Somepointsab
(1)Whatwouldtheholidaysbewithoutlotsoftinytwinklinglights?Lesscolorfulandfestive—butalsoalotsafer.(2)Fro
随机试题
岳父:泰山
中国的烟草专卖制度,使得烟草企业必须按照专卖程序选择渠道。造成这一现象的主要原因是()
上颌基骨宽度的扩大,应在腭中缝完全融合前,一般在
患者,男,52岁。感冒、咳嗽1周余,气短、心悸3天,活动受限,咳白色泡沫样痰,尿少,症状明显加重1天来院。12年前诊断为“扩张型心肌病,心房颤动”,因反复发生心力衰竭多次住院。该患者可能出现的体征有1.贫血貌2.颈静脉怒张3.肺部限局性哮鸣音4
患者,女,29岁。月经后期4~5日,量少,经期乳房胀痛,伴有头晕目眩,纳呆,乏力,口燥咽干,舌淡红,脉弦而虚。治宜选用
下列()不是勘察阶段监理的工作内容。
由分保分出入与分保接受人签订协议,对每一危险单位损失或者一次巨灾事故的累积责任损失,规定一个自赔额,自赔额以上至一定限度由分保接受人负责的分保方式是( )分保。
下列属于商业银行流动资金贷款贷前调查内容的有()。
微软此前Windows系统的商业盈利大部分是靠向硬件厂商收取授权费用实现。如果沿用这种商业模式,则除非Window8优秀到足以吸引大量平板电脑用户,否则Windows8很有可能在平板电脑上得不到更多厂商的支持。然而如果采用免费模式,那么微软现有的商业体系将
法律规则是法律的基本构成因素。下列关于法律规则分类的表述哪一项可以成立?()
最新回复
(
0
)