2. 外语
  3. Ways to Live Longer A)We have the NHS(the National Health Service)and much of the rest of the world envies us for it, but how lo

Ways to Live Longer A)We have the NHS(the National Health Service)and much of the rest of the world envies us for it, but how lo

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问题                           Ways to Live Longer
A)We have the NHS(the National Health Service)and much of the rest of the world envies us for it, but how long and healthily we live is not so much about how hospitals look after us — medical care contributes only about 20% to our healthy lifespans — as how we care for ourselves before we get there. Here are eight tips for a longer, healthier life.
B)Get your blood pressure checked. Like checking the pressure of the tyres on your car, this is a very good idea. Some people have high blood pressure in the family. Others eat too much salt, don’t take enough exercise, are overweight, stressed, smoke or drink too much. Most of this you can do something about, but for those who don’t, a trip to the general practitioner(全科医生), who will prescribe pills, may prevent a heart attack or stroke. High blood pressure is the No. 1 risk factor for early deaths and years of poor health in Europe. But if you have low blood pressure and none of the above risk factors, just a routine check on any visit to the GP for other matters is enough.
C)Eat seeds — not junk. Curiously, the Global Burden of Disease lists not only eating too little fruit(sixth highest risk factor for early disease and death)but too few nuts and seeds(not far behind, at eighth). Too few vegetables are 12th, and low omega-3(in oily fish, not tablet form), high processed meat and low fibre follow in that order. Too much trans fat is 19th, low calcium is 22nd and low milk consumption 23rd. So, yes, diet matters a lot and not just because eating too much makes you fat — high BMI or body mass index(身体质量指数)has a separate ranking as the fourth highest risk factor, causing heart disease, strokes, diabetes and cancers. But on a diet of nuts and seeds it is also pretty difficult to get overweight.
D)Get your running shoes on. We were not designed to sit around and it’s not good for us. The chief medical officer(CMO)says there are both mental and physical benefits to exercise. It reduces the risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes, but it also improves our self esteem and reduces the symptoms of depression and anxiety. Exactly how much exercise we need is a trickier question. The CMO says adults should be active every day. Over a week, we should be "moderately active" for a total of at least two and a half hours, which means brisk walking and cycling at a pace that warms you up and makes you breathe harder but still allows you to chat. Thirty minutes for five days of the week would do it. Or you can get really physical and take 75 minutes(total)of "vigorous activity" in the week, such as running, swimming or playing football. But we should all be either using weights or carrying heavy shopping bags to improve our muscle strength on at least two days a week as well. Got that?
E)Don’t smoke. Predictable but true. Smoking is likely to shorten your life and worse, make you suffer before you die. It is responsible for the miserable last years of most people with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(慢性阻塞性肺病), as well as triggering one in six cases of heart disease — the biggest killer in the UK. Only half of long-term smokers live past 70.
F)Stay out of hospital. Hospitals are dangerous places. There is always a risk of catching something when you are there, even though the superbug MRSA and C Difficile rates have come down and are not so much discussed at the moment. Falls in hospitals are also not uncommon, because patients can be both unsteady on their feet and uncertain of where they need to go. Good hospitals try to ship out elderly people as quickly as possible. Keeping fit and healthy — see smoking, drinking, diet and exercise above — will keep most of us off the wards for longer.
G)Don’t get stressed. We do anxiety far too well in the UK. We were 15th worst out of 19 countries in the Global Burden of Disease tables for years lost to its disabling effects. One option would be to move to Spain, which scored highest in Europe for long and healthy lives(70.9 years compared to 68.6 in the UK)and also had the least anxiety. Remarkable, when you consider their economic problems and the numbers of people now out of work. Their lives appear to be healthier than ours in a number of ways — their rates of ischaemic heart disease(where the blood supply to the heart is reduced because of furred up arteries(动脉)are much lower and they score better on asthma(哮喘), breast cancer, alcohol misuse and self-harm. Could it be something to do with sunshine or is it olive oil, tomatoes and fish? Perhaps both. Alternative ways to reduce stress and anxiety include exercise(see above), time to yourself and, says the NHS Choices patient website, talking to the boss about changing your working hours. Oh — and developing a sense of humour.
H)Take the train. Road injuries were the 12th-highest cause of years of life lost in the UK in 2010, but if you take just adults aged 20 to 54, they were fifth — after heart disease, self-harm, cirrhosis(肝硬化)and breast cancer, and just above drug use. According to the independent Oxford healthcare journal Bandolier, which used 2006-7 data from sources including the World Health Organisation and the Department for Transport, the lifetime risk of dying before the age of 75 are one in 976 in a car, one in 54,433 on a plane and one in 131,313 in a train.
I)Live in the south of England, not the north. The north-south divide is for real. A major study published by the British Medical Journal in 2011 found that people who live in the north of England are 20% more likely to die before the age of 75 than those in the south. The researchers from Manchester University said the gap had reached its widest point for 40 years. The reasons are complex. The researchers said that "socioeconomic, environmental, educational, genetic and lifestyle factors" needed to be looked at — as did the reasons why government efforts to bridge the gap fail. On the other hand, it is far easier to find a stunning and uncrowded beach for a jog on the north-east coast — but swerve the fish-and-chip restaurants and make do with a packet of unsalted peanuts.
In the UK, heart disease is the number one killer and it can be triggered by smoking.
选项
答案E
解析 E)段第4句开头的it指代上句的smoking，该句意为“吸烟使患肺癌和慢性阻塞性肺疾病者在生命的最后几年悲惨不已，也是导致心脏病的6大因素之一——英国最大的杀手。”本题是对原文信息的同义转述，其中the number one killer对应文中the biggest killer，triggered是文中triggering的被动形式。
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