A、Use of copper conductors. B、Use of plastic insulator(绝缘体). C、Use of silicon(硅) semiconductors. D、Elimination of chemicals. CWh

The use of silicon is basic to the developments which have taken place since the 1950s. This element has special electrical properties. It is a semiconductor, half way between a full conductor such as copper and an insulator like plastic. By adding small amounts of other chemicals to pieces of silicon and then joining the resulting different types together in various ways, a very fast, efficient "switch" can be produced.
    As manufacturing processes grew more and more sophisticated, it became possible to pack more and more individual transistors onto a single piece of silicon called chip. These chips are at most 1 centimeter square and a fraction of a millimeter thick. In 1960 a chip could hold one transistor. Today it can contain as many as a million.
    Silicon chips are changing our world at an enormous pace. They affect or will affect all aspects of our lives—industry, transportation, finance, education, medicine, communication, domestic and recreational spheres. By using micro-technology, computers can now be made with an almost infinite operational capacity. The cost is actually decreasing while their speed of operation is increasing. Their micro-components will last indefinitely under normal conditions.