2. 外语
  3. Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector clerical workers, most of whom are women, were somewhat limited. The fact

Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector clerical workers, most of whom are women, were somewhat limited. The fact

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问题     Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector clerical workers, most of whom are women, were somewhat limited. The factors favoring union- ization drives seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy. Receptivity to unionization on the workers part was also a consideration, but when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers’ were the only unorganized group in a jurisdiction , the multi - occupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of the workers’ initial receptivity. The strategic reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off unionized against non-unionized workers, and, second, on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature. In localities where clerical workers were few in number, were scattered in several workplaces, and expressed no interest in being orga- nized, unions more often than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period.
    But since the mid-1970’s, a different strategy has emerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with 46 percent of government professionals, 44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and 41 percent of government service workers. Since then, however, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers. Between 1977 and 1980, the number of unionized government workers in blue-collar and service occupations increased only about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers in particular, the increase was 22 percent.  What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers? First, more women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age. Consequently, they are probably more concerned than their predecessors were about job security and economic benefits. Also, the women’ s movement has succeeded in le- gitimizing the economic and political activism of women on their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unions. The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst—the structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occupational distribution in these unions has been steadily shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar. Because there are far more women in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing women and addressing women’s issues.
The author implies that, in comparison with working women today, women working in the years prior to the mid-1970’ s showed a greater tendency to
选项 A、prefer smaller workplaces.
B、express a positive attitude toward labor unions.
C、maximize job security and economic benefits.
D、side with administrators in labor disputes.
E、quit working prior of retirement age.
答案E
解析 和如今妇女比，70年代中期以前的妇女可能是更倾向于：在文中，当今妇女和70年代中期以前妇女成强对比关系，将前者在文中明确讲出的特点取非，即为后者特点。A．小工作场所。未提。B．对工会态度积极。C．最大限度注重工作安全和经济利益。B、C两项是现代妇女特点。D．在劳动争执中袒护管理者。无。E．正确。在退休年龄前就放弃工作。这是原文L54—55明确提出当今妇女的特点取非的结果。
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