首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we look at a horse by the name of Hans. Hans could reason
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we look at a horse by the name of Hans. Hans could reason
admin
2010-08-21
29
问题
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we look at a horse by the name of Hans. Hans could reason and "talk". Hans had been trained by a math teacher, Mr. Osten, to communicate by tapping forefoot and moving his head. A head nod meant yes, and a shake suggested no. Mr. Osten developed a code for verbal information in which each letter was represented by a pair of numbers. The letter A was coded as one tap, pause, one tap, and the letter I was three taps, pause, two taps. Once Hans learned to tap his foot or move his head. when questioned, he was given simple problems and then fed a piece of bread or carrot for correct responses. By the end of his training, Hans could spell words, and he excelled in math. He became a hero in Germany — his picture was on wine bottles and toys.
An official commission examined the horse, testing him to see if he really did all the things claimed. They came away very impressed and issued a statement that there was no evidence of any intentional influence or aid on the part of Hans’ questioners.
But there was one scientist who was not so sure that Hans was as intelligent as he had been portrayed. Oskar Pfungst, a sharp observer, had detected that Hans always faced his questioners. Pfungst hypothesized that this might have something to do with his math ability. The scientist set up a very simple experiment. He wrote numbers on a card and held them up one at a time, asking Hans to tap out the numbers written on each card. Half of the cards were held so that only Hans, not Pfungst himself, could see. Hans was his usual brilliant self, getting 92% of them correct. But for the numbers Pfungst could not see, Hans was no longer a brilliant horse, getting 8% correct.
Pfungst repeated the experiment over and over again with nearly the same results. He observed Hans with his other questioners. As soon as they stated the problem to Hans, most questioners would turn their head and upper body slightly. When the correct number of foot taps had been made by Hans, the questioner would move his head upward. Despite his years of work with the horse, Mr. Osten had never dreamed that Hans had learnt to "read" him. He felt angry and betrayed by the horse.
Thus we can see that experts sometimes can be wrong and that what sometimes seems to be the troth may be a false impression. Even experts can be fooled if they don’t make appropriate use of research procedures to check their observations.
We learn from Hans’ story that ______ is very important in observation.
选项
答案
the appropriate use of research procedures
解析
参见最后一段:专家也可能出错,有时表面看上去正确的东西只不过是一种假象。如果没有采用适当的研究步骤来检测观察结果,即使专家也会上当。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Le7K777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
A、Becausehiscompanyistoosmall.B、Becausehiscompanyisinamess.C、Becausehiscompanyisdevelopingrapidly.D、Becauseh
Whenweworryaboutwhomightbespyingonourprivatelives,weusuallythinkabouttheFederalagents.Buttheprivatesector
A、Sexcontact.B、Bloodexchange.C、Drugabuse.D、Casualcontact.D
Opportunitiesforrewardingworkbecomefewerforbothmenandwomenastheygrowolder.Afterage40,jobhuntingbecomeseven
A、Hisgeneralhealthwillbenefitgreatly.B、Hewillbegintobreathemoreregularly.C、Hisflexibilitywilldecrease.D、Hewill
Somechildrenarebackwardinspeaking.’MostoftentheReasonforthisisbecausethemotherisinsensitivetothesignals
Thevisualartsareaclassofartforms,includingpainting,sculpture,photography,andothersthatfocusesonthecreationo
Lazinessisasin,everyoneknowsthat.Wehaveprobablyallhadlecturespointingoutthatlazinessisimmoral,thatitiswast
A、Nextyear.B、Soon.C、Whenshefinisheswriting.D、Afterhevisitsher.C事实题。女士提到“我一做完论文就邀请你去我家”,由此可知C为正确答案,而男士的话则是干扰项。
DivorceForevery1,000marriedcouplesintheUK,13endupdivorcedaccordingtostatistics.Divorceisoftenacomplicat
随机试题
男,重体力劳动工人,腰腿痛,并向左下肢放射,咳嗽、打喷嚏时加重。检查腰部活动明显受限,并向左倾斜,直腿抬高试验阳性。病程中无低热、盗汗、消瘦症状。为明确诊断。最有意义的检查是
下面哪项不是甲状腺功能亢进症的常见表现()
牙体缺损修复时.牙体预备的要求哪项不正确
经游标卡尺实测检查,翻盖式灭火器箱箱盖在正面突出不超过()mm,在侧面不超过45mm,且均不小于()mm。
会计电算化起到的作用是减轻了财会人员的(),提高了会计工作的效率。
某市区的一个工业企业2009年底将未开发的土地使用权进行转让,取得收入720万元,签订了转让合同。年初取得该土地使用权时支付金额530万元,转让时发生相关费用16万元。转让该土地行为应缴纳土地增值税为()万元。
年鉴的特点不包括()。
我国刑事强制工作的基本依据是()。
南京彭某将跌倒的老太太扶起来。结果老太太家人对彭某起诉医疗赔偿,法院判处彭某赔偿老太太费用4万多元。此事发生后.各地出现有人晕倒、摔伤.都没有人主动上前搀扶的现象。甚至发生昏迷者无人送医而致死的事件。针对此事你有什么看法?
IcametoAfricawithonepurpose:IwantedtoseetheworldoutsidetheperspectiveofEuropeanegocentricity.Thesimplestway
最新回复
(
0
)