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  3. Child maltreatment (虐待) is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the

Child maltreatment (虐待) is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the

admin2012-04-09  55
问题     Child maltreatment (虐待) is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the common existing of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low- and middle-income countries, are lacking.
    Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 5-10% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25-50% of all children report being physically abused. Additionally, many children are subject to emotional abuse (sometimes referred to as psychological abuse) and to neglect.
    Every year, there are an estimated 31,000 homicide (他杀) deaths in children under 15. This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to falls, burns and drowning and other causes.
    Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences. Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems. Consequently, as adults, maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioral, physical and mental health problems such as depression, smoking, unintended pregnancy, alcohol and drug misuse, etc. Via the behavioral and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infections.
    Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment, there is an economic impact, including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs.
    A number of risk factors for child maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.
    It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated: being either under four years old or an adolescent; being unwanted, or failing to fulfill the exceptions of parents; and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.
One reason for the difficult situation in the global estimates of child maltreatment is that different______are used.
选项
答案methods of research
解析 空前的different和空后的are used表明，本空应填一复数名词。根据题干中的estimates和used将本题出处定位到第二段前两句。这两句提到： “虐待儿童的研究很复杂，很困难。根据国家和使用的研究方法，目前的估算数据差别很大。”也就是说，数据很难估算有两个原因，一个是国家不同，另一个是使用的研究方法不同。题干中的used为原文used的原词复现，将原文的the method of research变为复数便可得出答案。
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