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  3. Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. (46)Arguments in what could be

Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. (46)Arguments in what could be

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问题     Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. (46)Arguments in what could be called the "relational" feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of "equality in difference", or equity as distinct from equality. They contend that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. (47)By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and cerebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities. Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. (48)Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for all. (49)Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers. They demanded special treatment for women, including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.
    Relational arguments have a major pitfall, because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. (50)But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.
Notes:
emancipation n. 解放。equity n. 公平。procreative 生育的。celebrate vt. 颂扬。quest n. 寻求。downplay vt. 贬低，低估。lose ground 退却，失利。maternity benefit 产妇津贴。pitfall n. 隐患。appropriate vt. 资用。adversary n. 敌手。endorse vt. 赞同。patriarchal 家长制的。

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答案对照之下，个人主义的女权传统强调个人的人权崇尚妇女寻求个人的自主，而同时低估了按性别分配工作的重要性并尽少讨论生育子女和抚养子女的责任。
解析 by contrast(＝in contrast)对比之下，对照之下。while引导的分词短语作伴随状语，可译为"而同时…"。gender roles意为"按性别承担工作角色"。
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