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In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcem

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问题     In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcement’ were introduced. In an educational setting, these (1)_____ could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2)_____, or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3)_____ in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teacher’s first action is called the (4)_____. The pupil’s action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5)_____ the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6)_____, the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond is weakened, and reinforcement is (7)_____
    Some psychologists laid great (8)_____ on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9)_____ that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. (10)_____, if his homework is not marked regularly, he will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teacher’s questions are (11)_____ or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any.
    Educational psychologists are, (12)_____, moving away from this simple, early (13)_____ of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to be more (14)_____ than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15)_____ the stimulus-response bond. It may (16)_____ confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17)_____ misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material have been learned. Thus (18)_____ may have the effect of increasing the learner’s confidence, backing up his previously (19)_____ knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20)_____ grasped.

选项 A、incentive
B、response
C、stimulus
D、reinforcement
答案C
解析 语义衔接题。从下一句中的response可以看出该句是对response这个术语下的定义。根据首句中的the terms’ stimulus’，’response’ and ’reinforcement’ were introduced和下一句中的"在教学环境中，这些术语定义如下"可知，这部分是对stimulus，response和reinforcement分别做出定义解释。既然本句下一句是对response的解释，因此可以推出本句应该是对stimulus(刺激，刺激物)所做出的定义。incentive意为"刺激，鼓励"，虽然incentive与stimulus意思相近，但文章是对心理学名词stimulus进行解释，与incentive无关；response意为"反应"，本句的下一句是对response的定义，因此本句不可能是解释response；reinforcement意为"加强"，根据常识可知stimulus—response—reinforcement这是心理学上一系列的反应过程，不能颠倒顺序，另外文章开篇就按照这一顺序提出这几个术语，因此对它们进行解释时，也应该按照这个顺序分别说明。
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