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In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcem
In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcem
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2011-10-20
38
问题
In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcement’ were introduced. In an educational setting, these (1)_____ could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2)_____, or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3)_____ in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teacher’s first action is called the (4)_____. The pupil’s action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5)_____ the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6)_____, the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond is weakened, and reinforcement is (7)_____
Some psychologists laid great (8)_____ on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9)_____ that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. (10)_____, if his homework is not marked regularly, he will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teacher’s questions are (11)_____ or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any.
Educational psychologists are, (12)_____, moving away from this simple, early (13)_____ of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to be more (14)_____ than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15)_____ the stimulus-response bond. It may (16)_____ confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17)_____ misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material have been learned. Thus (18)_____ may have the effect of increasing the learner’s confidence, backing up his previously (19)_____ knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20)_____ grasped.
选项
A、incentive
B、response
C、stimulus
D、reinforcement
答案
C
解析
语义衔接题。从下一句中的response可以看出该句是对response这个术语下的定义。根据首句中的the terms’ stimulus’,’response’ and ’reinforcement’ were introduced和下一句中的"在教学环境中,这些术语定义如下"可知,这部分是对stimulus,response和reinforcement分别做出定义解释。既然本句下一句是对response的解释,因此可以推出本句应该是对stimulus(刺激,刺激物)所做出的定义。incentive意为"刺激,鼓励",虽然incentive与stimulus意思相近,但文章是对心理学名词stimulus进行解释,与incentive无关;response意为"反应",本句的下一句是对response的定义,因此本句不可能是解释response;reinforcement意为"加强",根据常识可知stimulus—response—reinforcement这是心理学上一系列的反应过程,不能颠倒顺序,另外文章开篇就按照这一顺序提出这几个术语,因此对它们进行解释时,也应该按照这个顺序分别说明。
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0
考研英语一
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