2. 外语
  3. That an ecological crisis confronts humankind is now so central to our thinking that the notion that human beings adapt to their

That an ecological crisis confronts humankind is now so central to our thinking that the notion that human beings adapt to their

admin2009-02-10  81
问题     That an ecological crisis confronts humankind is now so central to our thinking that the notion that human beings adapt to their natural environment seems obvious. But ecological interpretations of world history are surprisingly recent. Sociologists, in attempting to classify societies, have looked increasingly to a people’ s relationship with their natural environment and, provide food, clothing, and shelter. Human beings meet these needs in a wide variety of environments, including deserts, rain forests, grasslands, and so on. Such environments are part of ecosystem, complex web of interdependencies among organisms, communities of organisms, and the natural habitual. Some societal variation derives from the different demands made by different ecosystems. Customs and ways of life that would be adaptive in one ecosystem would be maladaptive in another.
     We confront a habitat and evolve a mode of existence not so much as lone individuals, but cooperatively as larger social units. Social organization and technology are our chief adaptive mechanisms. Social organization develops as we create stable, ordered relationships and become infused with common cultural traits. Much depends on whether or not our values, norms, beliefs and institutions favor or foreclose new avenues of adaption. Likewise, technology —the application of knowledge for practical ends   allows us to harness and change aspects of our environment. In its broadest sense, technology entails the practical arts and skills of human society. As technology has become more advanced, we have gained access to greater amounts of non human energy (animal, water, fossil fuel, solar, and so on). In turn, new sources of energy have allowed our cultures to expand and change. Other changes follow as well.
Social organizations and technology develop as a result of people’s______.
选项 A、adaptation to the environment
B、attempt to change nature
C、efforts to create peaceful societies
D、desire to create bigger societies
答案A
解析 文章第二段的主题主要陈述在该段第一、二句(是文章主旨的进一步说明)。该段指出，人们在生存实践中结成更大的社会单位，取得了一些相对稳定的生存方式(社会文化习惯)。同样，知识的运用产生了技术，技术帮助人们更好地利用和改造环境、更好地适应环境，进而推动整个社会的继续发展。因此，社会机构的形成与技术的发展源自于人的生存实践，是人适应环境的结果。B、C、D不全面，不贴切。
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