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Theories of social control focus on the strategies and techniques which help regulate human behavior and thus lead to conformity

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问题     Theories of social control focus on the strategies and techniques which help regulate human behavior and thus lead to conformity and compliance of the rules of society, including the influences of family, school, morals, values, beliefs, etc..
    Does existence of rules guarantee peaceful existence of the group? Who is to ensure compliance with such rules? Social control theorists are out to study such questions. (46)They are interested in learning why people conform to norms; they ask why people conform in the face of so much temptation, peer pressure, and inducement. Juveniles and adults conform to the law in response to certain controlling forces which are present in their lives. Thus, they are likely to become criminal when the controlling forces in their lives are defective or absent.
    (47)Social control theorists argue that the more involved and committed a person is to conventional activities, the greater the attachment to others (such as family and friends), the less likely that a person is to violate the rules of society.
    Social control has its roots in the early part of this century in the work of sociologist E.A. Ross. (48)Ross believed that belief systems, not specific laws, guide what individuals do and this serves to control behavior, no matter the forms that beliefs may take.
    Social control is often seen as all-encompassing, practically representing any phenomenon leading to conformity, which leads to norms. Others see social control as a broad representation of regulated mechanisms placed upon society’s members. In other words, social control regards what is to be considered deviant, violations of the law, right or wrong. (49)Social control mechanisms can be adopted as laws, norms, mores, ethics, etiquette, and customs, which all control and thus define behavior.
    Social control theory is viewed from two perspectives. The macrosocial perspective explores formal control systems for the control of groups, including the legal system such as laws, law enforcement, powerful groups in society (who can help influence laws and norms) and economic and social directives of government or private organizations. Such controls can serve to be either positive or negative.
    (50)On the other hand, the microsocial perspective focuses on informal control systems, which help to explain why individuals conform. It also considers the source of control to be external, that is, outside of the person.
    We will focus on microsocial views of social control while examining the theories of Travis Hirshi (Social Bonds) and Gresham Sykes and David Matza’s Techniques of Neutralization (Drift Theory). Walter Reckless’ Containment Theory is also included here as a theory of social control, although we can also consider it a self-concept approach.

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答案罗斯认为信仰，而不是某项法律，引导着个人的行为，进而控制其行为，无论这种信仰体现为何种形式。
解析 本句是复合句。句子主干结构是Ross believed that…，no matter…，其中Ross是主语，believe是谓语，that引导的是宾语从句；no matter．．引导的是条件状语从句。that后的belief systems也是主语，not specific laws是插入语，what individuals do是guide的宾语从句。本句翻译时，注意具体词汇的译法。what individuals do按原意译为"个人如何去做"，其前谓语是guide，"引导个人的行为"与"引导个人如何去做"相比，前者更简洁自然，语义也没有发生变化。此外，由于后面的control behavior是动宾结构，因此将宾语从句转换为名词短语使得两部分译文结构平行，这样更符合汉语表达习惯。句中的this指代前面提到的"信仰体系，而不是某项法律，引导着个人的行为"，为了使表达简洁，翻译时运用增(减)词法，将this serves转成"进而"译出。
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