2. 外语
  3. One of the central diagnostic criteria for Autistic Spectrum Disorders(ASD)(自闭症)is a failure to develop peer relationships and c

One of the central diagnostic criteria for Autistic Spectrum Disorders(ASD)(自闭症)is a failure to develop peer relationships and c

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问题     One of the central diagnostic criteria for Autistic Spectrum Disorders(ASD)(自闭症)is a failure to develop peer relationships and clinicians examine how the child conceptualizes and demonstrates friendship skills. Normal children’s conception of friendship changes over time and it is notable that children with autism often have an immature and unusual definition of friendship. The, research literature on the concept of friendship indicates the following levels between early childhood and adolescence.

    The child in the first level who is approximately 3 to 6 years old recognizes that games and activities cannot happen unless there is an element of turn taking but there is an egocentric or simple conceptualization of friendship in terms of defining a friend as someone who gives you things or someone you play with. Friendship is based on proximity and physical attributes.
    For the children who are in level 2, about 6 to 9 years old, there is an increasing understanding of the concepts of reciprocity and mutual rather than one-way assistance. The likes and dislikes of the other person are more likely to be considered with friendship based on how closely each friend matches their self-interest, for example, in liking similar games. There is also a new awareness of the motives, thoughts and feelings of others.
    The 9-year-old to 13-year-old children who are in level 3 are more aware of other people’s opinions on them and how their words and actions affect the feelings of others. They are more careful in what they say and do because it may be hurtful to someone. Friendship can be based on shared experience or common interests and helping becomes more valued than simply playing together. There is a greater selectivity in choosing friends, a gender split and a greater durability in the relation-ship. There is increased value placed on personal attributes such as trust, loyalty and keeping rather than breaking promises.
    For the highest level of adolescence, peer group acceptance becomes more important than the opinions of parents. There is a greater depth and breadth of self disclosure, desire to be understood by friends and recognition that there are different types of friendship — from acquaintances to close friends with autonomous inter-dependence.
    When children with ASD are asked what makes a good friend, clinical experience suggests that a common response is a list almost exclusively of actions that a friend should not do, e. g. bully or tease you, which indicates that the child has experienced a disproportionate level of negative experiences in their peer relation-ships. They know what a friend should not do but have little idea what they should do.
How many levels of friendship did the researchers indicate all together?
选项 A、Three.
B、Five.
C、Six.
D、Four.
答案D
解析 事实细节题。文章从第二段开始介绍第一阶段，接着每段介绍一个阶段，最后一个阶段的青少年时期可以算作第四阶段。故[D]项正确。
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