首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Stephen Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition Stephen Krashen is an expert in the field of linguistics. Some points ab
Stephen Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition Stephen Krashen is an expert in the field of linguistics. Some points ab
admin
2015-01-09
35
问题
Stephen Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition
Stephen Krashen is an expert in the field of linguistics. Some points about his Theory of Second Language Acquisition should be known.
I. A brief description of the theory of second language acquisition
A. Requiring meaningful interaction—natural【B1】______【B1】______
B. Supplying "comprehensible input" in low anxiety situations
—allowing students to【B2】______when they are "ready"【B2】______
—recognizing improvement comes from supplying effective input
C. Having large impacts in second language research and teaching
II. Five main【B3】______【B3】______
A. The Acquisition-Learning hypothesis
—the most fundamental one
—two independent systems
—"acquisition": product of a(n)【B4】______【B4】______
—"learning": product of formal instruction and comprising a conscious process
B. The Monitor hypothesis
—【B5】______the influence of learning on acquisition【B5】______
—acting in a planning, editing and correcting function
—the role of the monitor is minor, only used to correct deviations
—【B6】______among learners: over-users, under-users, optimal users【B6】______
—an evaluation of the person’s psychological profile can help
e.g. under-users: extroverts; over-users: introverts and【B7】______【B7】______
C. The Natural Order hypothesis
—based on research findings: acquisition follows a【B8】______"natural order"【B8】______
—rejecting grammatical sequencing on language acquisition
D. The Input hypothesis
—an explanation of how second language acquisition takes place
—only concerned with "acquisition"
—Second language "input" is beyond one’s【B9】______of linguistic competence【B9】______
E. The Affective Filter hypothesis
—the "affective variables" playing a facilitative role in acquisition
—variables:【B10】______, self-confidence and anxiety【B10】______
—the "up" of the filter to impede language acquisition
—positive affect being necessary, but not sufficient on its own, for acquisition to take place
【B8】
Stephen Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition
Good morning, everyone. Today I will give you a brief introduction about Krashen’s theory of second language acquisition.
As we all know that Stephen Krashen is an expert in the field of linguistics, specializing in theories of language acquisition and development. Much of his recent research has involved the study of non-English and bilingual language acquisition. During the past 20 years, he has published well over 100 books and articles and has been invited to deliver over 300 lectures at universities throughout the United States and Canada.
Krashen once said that Language acquisition does not require extensive use of conscious grammatical rules, and does not require tedious drill.(1)Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language -natural communication—in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding. The best methods are therefore those that supply "comprehensible input" in low anxiety situations, containing messages that students really want to hear.(2)These methods do not force early production in the second language, but allow students to produce when they are "ready", recognizing that improvement comes from supplying communicative and comprehensible input, and not from forcing and correcting production.
This is a brief description of Krashen’s widely known and well-accepted theory of second language acquisition, which has had a large impact in all areas of second language research and teaching since the 1980s.
(3)Krashen’s theory of second language acquisition consists of five main hypotheses; the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis, the Monitor hypothesis, the Natural Order hypothesis, the Input hypothesis and the Affective Filter hypothesis.
The Acquisition-Learning distinction is the most fundamental of all the hypotheses in Krashen’s theory and the most widely known among linguists and language practitioners.
According to Krashen, there are two independent systems of second language performance: "the acquired system" and "the learned system".(4)The "acquired system" or "acquisition" is the product of a subconscious process very similar to the process children undergo when they acquire their first language. It requires meaningful interaction in the target language—natural communication—in which speakers are concentrated not in the form of their utterances, but in the communicative act.
The "learned system" or "learning" is the product of formal instruction and it comprises a conscious process which results in conscious knowledge "about" the language, for example knowledge of grammar rules. According to Krashen "learning" is less important than "acquisition".
(5)The Monitor hypothesis explains the relationship between acquisition and learning and defines the influence of the latter on the former. The monitoring function is the practical result of the learned grammar. According to Krashen, the acquisition system is the utterance initiator, while the learning system performs the role of the "monitor" or the "editor". The "monitor" acts in a planning, editing and correcting function when three specific conditions are met: that is, the second language learner has sufficient time at his disposal, he focuses on form or thinks about correctness, and he knows the rule.
It appears that the role of conscious learning is somewhat limited in second language performance. According to Krashen, the role of the monitor is or should be minor, being used only to correct deviations from "normal" speech and to give speech a more "polished" appearance.
(6)Krashen also suggests that there is individual variation among language learners with regard to "monitor" use. Those learners that use the "monitor" all the time are "over-users"; those learners who have not learned or who prefer not to use their conscious knowledge are "under-users"; and those learners that use the "monitor" appropriately are "optimal users". An evaluation of the person’s psychological profile can help to determine to what group they belong.(7)Usually extroverts are under-users, while introverts and perfectionists are over-users.
Lack of self-confidence is frequently related to the over-use of the "monitor".
(8)The Natural Order hypothesis is based on research findings which suggested that the acquisition of grammatical structures follows a "natural order" which is predictable. For a given language, some grammatical structures tend to be acquired early while others late. This order seemed to be independent of the learners’ age, background, conditions of exposure, and although the agreement between individual acquirers was not always 100% in the studies, there were statistically significant similarities that reinforced the existence of a Natural Order of language acquisition. Krashen however points out that the implication of the natural order hypothesis is not that a language program syllabus should be based on the order found in the studies. In fact, he rejects grammatical sequencing when the goal is language acquisition.
The Input hypothesis is Krashen’s attempt to explain how the learner acquires a second language. In other words, this hypothesis is Krashen’s explanation of how second language acquisition takes place. So, the Input hypothesis is only concerned with "acquisition", not "learning". According to this hypothesis,(9)a learner improves and progresses along the "natural order" when he receives second language "input" that is one step beyond his current stage of linguistic competence. For example, if a learner is at a stage "i", then acquisition takes place when he is exposed to "Comprehensible Input" that belongs to level "i + 1". Since not all of the learners can be at the same level of linguistic competence at the same time, Krashen suggests that natural communicative input is the key to designing a syllabus, ensuring in this way that each learner will receive some "i + 1" input that is appropriate for his current stage of linguistic competence.
Finally, the fifth hypothesis, the Affective Filter hypothesis, embodies Krashen’s view that a number of "affective variables" play a facilitative, but non-causal, role in second language acquisition.(10)These variables include: motivation, self-confidence and anxiety. Krashen claims that learners with high motivation, self-confidence, a good self-image and a low level of anxiety are better equipped for success in second language acquisition. Low motivation, low self-esteem and debilitating anxiety can combine to "raise" the affective filter and form a "mental block" that prevents comprehensible input from being used for acquisition. In other words, when the filter is "up", it impedes language acquisition. On the other hand, positive affect is necessary, but not sufficient on its own, for acquisition to take place.
OK, today we have taken a brief look at Krashen’s theory of second language acquisition. I hope that will help you in your future study. Thanks for your attention!
选项
答案
predictable
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/N8dO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Earlyanthropologists,followingthetheorythatwordsdeterminethought,believedthatlanguageanditsstructurewereentirel
Askedwhatjobtheywouldtakeiftheycouldhaveany,peopleunleashtheirimaginationsanddreamofexoticplaces,powerfulpo
CharacteristicsofAmericanCultureI.PunctualityA.Goingtothetheaterbe(1)_____twentyminutesprior(1)______B.Eate
Inarecentsurvey,whenagroupoffirst-yearstudentswereaskedabouttheirfuturecareerchoices,somesaidtheywantedtob
TheodoreDreisersetforthhis______conceptoftheAmericansocietyinhisearlyworks.
TheAmericangovernmentisdividedintothreebranches:thelegislative,theexecutiveandthejudicial.Theyarerepresentedby
CultureShockI.Thedefinitionofcultureshock1.feelingslikesurprise,disorientation,uncertaintyand【B1】______【B1】______
AnAmericansurveyhasshownthateachyeareveryemployedpersonlosesthreetofourworkingdaysfromcoldsandalliedcomplai
ForadevelopingcountrylikeIndiawhoseecologicalandsocio-economicsystemsarealreadyunderpressurefromrapidurbaniza
徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省,足迹几乎遍及全国。他在考察的过程中,从来不盲目迷信书本上的结论。他发现前人研究地理的记载有许多不是很可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察,他很少乘车坐船,几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭,长途跋涉;为了弄清大自然的真相,他总是挑选道路艰险的
随机试题
“壮水之主,以制阳光”是指( )。
A.大椎、少商B.曲泽、委中C.肺俞、胃俞D.合谷、太冲三棱针刺络法常取的腧穴是
复种脊髓灰质炎疫苗的年龄是
一24岁妇女,3个月前曾行引产术,术后不久即出现不规则阴道流血,前日咳嗽,痰中带血,来院就诊。妇科检查:子宫稍增大,质软,双侧附件区无异常发现,x线胸片见双侧肺野外带多个小结节状阴影,其中几个略大,似棉球样,血中hCG为1700KU/L。最可能的诊断是
背景资料:某机电安装公司总承包了一个炼油厂新建装置安装工程,装置安装工程内容包括:机械设备安装;工艺设备包括28台重30~120t的塔、器类设备的吊装、安装;油、气和其他介质的工艺及系统管道安装;电气仪表、给排水及防腐绝热工程等。机电安装公司具有
幼儿教育的中心任务是()。
其作品被苏轼称为“诗中有画,画中有诗”的唐代诗人是______。
从1956年生产资料私有制的社会主义改造基本完成算起,到21世纪中叶社会主义现代化的基本实现,社会主义初级阶段至少需要100年时间。初级阶段的长期性,从根本上说决定于()
设有一个大学信息学院学生管理系统软件,其学生文件Student记录的部分属性包括Name、Num、Age、Sex、Dept等,其中:Name(学生名)要求最少2个字符,最多8个字符。Num(学号)要求是10位无符号整数,取值范围为201
Asheappliedsunscreentohisyoungdaughter’sface,DaraO’Rourke,professorofenvironmentalandlabourpolicyattheUniv
最新回复
(
0
)