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  3. If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills.American firms have a problem． Human-resource management is no

If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills.American firms have a problem． Human-resource management is no

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问题 If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills.American firms have a problem．
Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of thefirm in the United States．Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility．Labor issimply another factor of production to be hired-rented at the lowest possible cost-much as onebuys raw materials or equipment．
The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporatehierarchy．In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in comman@D@Thepost of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job，off at the edge of thecorporate hierarchy．The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions andhas no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer(CEO)．By way of contrast，in Japan the head ofhuman-resource management is central-usually the second most important executive，after theCEO，in the firm’s hierarchy．
While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces，infact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms．Themoney they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees．
And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focusedon the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills thatmake it possible to absorb new technologies．
As a result，problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive．If Americanworkers，for example，take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stationsthan workers in Germany(as they do)，the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany thanit is in the United States．More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity，and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speedwith which new equipment can be employe@D@The result is a slower pace of technological change．
And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half．If the bottom half can’teffectively staff the processes that have to be operated，the management and professional jobs thatgo with these processes will disappear．
What is the position ofthe head ofhuman-resource management in an American firm?______
选项 A、He is one of the most important executives in the firms．
B、His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduce
C、He is directly under the chief financial executive．
D、He has no say in making important decisions in the firm．
答案D
解析 细节题。本题问美国公司中人力资源管理部门的负责人地位如何。关键词是position，问题可以定位到原文第二段第三、四句：人力资源管理部门的负责人的职位通常是一项专业化的工作，在公司等级制度中排位最低。公司高层从来不就重要的战略决策问题和人力资源管理部门的经理进行商讨，他们也永远没有机会晋升到公司的首席执行官。由此推断．D项为正确答案。A项与事实情况相反；B项没有提到；由于文章中讲人力资源管理部门的经理远离权力核心，所以C项也不对。
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