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  3. A walk in the park may soothe the mind and, in the process, change the workings of our brains in ways that improve our mental he

A walk in the park may soothe the mind and, in the process, change the workings of our brains in ways that improve our mental he

admin2016-01-29  42
问题     A walk in the park may soothe the mind and, in the process, change the workings of our brains in ways that improve our mental health, according to an interesting new study of the physical effects on the brain of visiting nature.
    Most of us today live in cities and spend far less time outside in green, natural spaces than people did severed generations ago.
    City dwellers also have a higher risk for anxiety, depression and other mental illnesses than people living outside urban centers, studies show.
    These developments seem to be linked to some extent. Various studies have found that urban dwellers with little access to green spaces have a higher incidence of psychological problems than people living near parks and that city dwellers who visit natural environments have lower levels of stress hormones immediately afterward than people who have not recently been outside.
    【C1】______
    That possibility intrigued Gregory Bratman, a graduate at Stanford University. In a study published last week, Mr. Bratman and his collaborators decided to closely scrutinize what effect a walk might have on a person’s tendency to brood. Such brooding is strongly associated with increased activity in a portion of the brain known as the subgenual prefrontal cortex.
    【C2】______
    Mr. Bratman and his colleagues first gathered 38 healthy, adult city dwellers and asked them to complete a questionnaire to determine their normal level of brooding.
    The researchers also checked for brain activity in each volunteer’s subgenual prefrontal cortex, using scans that track blood flow through the brain. Greater blood flow to parts of the brain usually signals more activity in those areas.
    【C3】______
    Immediately after completing their walks, the volunteers returned to the lab and repeated both the questionnaire and the brain scan.
    As might have been expected, walking along the highway had not soothed people’s minds. Blood flow to their subgenual prefrontal cortex was still high and their broodiness scores were unchanged.
    【C4】______
    These results "strongly suggest that getting out into natural environments" could be an easy and almost immediate way to improve moods for city dwellers, Mr. Bratman said.
    【C5】______"There’s a tremendous amount of study that still needs to be done," Mr. Bratman said.
    But in the meantime, he pointed out, there is little downside to strolling through the nearest park, and some chance that you might beneficially muffle your subgenual prefrontal cortex.
[A]If the researchers could track activity in that part of the brain before and after people visited nature , Mr. Bratman realized, they would have a better idea about whether and to what extent nature changes people’s minds.
[B]The volunteers who had strolled along the quiet, tree-lined paths showed negligible improvements in their mental health, according to their scores on the questionnaire. They were dwelling on the negative aspects of their lives almost as much as they had been before the walk.
[C]But just how a visit to a park or other green space might alter mood has been unclear. Does experiencing nature actually change our brains in some way that affects our emotional health?
[D]The volunteers who had strolled along the quiet, tree-lined paths had less blood flow to the subgenual prefrontal cortex. That portion of their brains were quieter.
[E]But of course many questions remain, including how much time in nature is sufficient or ideal for our mental health, as well as what aspects of the natural world are most soothing.
[F]Then the scientists randomly assigned half of the volunteers to walk for 90 minutes through a leafy, quiet, parklike portion of the Stanford campus or next to a loud, hectic, multi-lane highway in Palo Alto. The volunteers were not allowed to have companions or listen to music. They were allowed to walk at their own pace.
[G]Brooding, which is known among cognitive scientists as morbid rumination, is a mental state familiar to most of us, in which we can’t seem to stop chewing over the ways in which things are wrong with ourselves and our lives. This broken-record fretting is not healthy or helpful. It can be a precursor to depression and is disproportionately common among city dwellers compared with people living outside urban areas, studies show.
【C1】
选项
答案C
解析 上一段指出，研究发现亲近自然有助于减少心理问题，但是这些研究没有解释为何会存在这种联系。因此本段提出了这个问题，即探访自然是如何对人们心理产生影响的，为引出下一段布莱特曼的研究起到过渡作用。
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