首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately
admin
2010-04-24
57
问题
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logic nature--those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable of error-free logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the last two decades’ research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA (Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.
AURA solves a problem by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. Program does not learn, nor is it self-analytical, but it reaches logical conclusions flawlessly. It used various types of reasoning and, more important, has access to very powerful and sophisticated logical strategies. AURA seldom relies on brute force to find solutions. Instead it solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction. One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the system’s design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactor’s design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy, known as the set of support strategy, lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem. Almost never does the program proceed by carrying out an exhaustive search.
The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist "expert systems" that include a component for reasoning. An expert system is a special purpose program designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert programs, unlike human experts, do not die. Such systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be replicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.
Will the computer replace the human being? Certainly not. It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce--that is, design more clever computer programs and more efficient, more useful components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem, and redirect their attack on a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Their impact will be felt in design, manufacturing, law, medicine, and other areas. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas. These ideas will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as areas from applying AURA?
选项
A、Electronic engineering.
B、Nuclear engineering.
C、Mathematic and formal logic.
D、Medical diagnosis.
答案
C
解析
由第三段第一句的electronic circuit design validation、第二段的后半段以及第三段第三句的 medical diagnosis可知,AURA已经在电子工程、核工业以及医疗方面进行了应用,即文中提到了A 、B 、 D 三项。文中并没有提到AURA在数学和形式逻辑方面的应用,故答案为C 。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/OB2K777K
0
专业英语四级
相关试题推荐
Whoisthecaller?
Since1895theNationalTrust(国家文物信托基金会)hasworkedforthepreservationofplacesofhistoricinterestandnaturalbeautyi
Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowinggroupsofnumberswillcertainlybringgoodlucktopeople?Theiiiluckassoc
Urbancongestionwouldgreatlyberelievedifthe________chargedonpublictransportWeremorereasonable.
Whatisthemainsubjectoftheconversation?
Beforethemid1860’s,theimpactoftherailroadsintheUnitedStateswaslimited,inthesensethatthetracksendedatthis
Operationswhichleftpatients______andinneedoflongperiodsofdiscoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortab
Doyouhavetroublesleepingatnight?Whenyouworryaboutneedingsleepandtossandturntryingtofindacomfortablepositio
WhatwerethetwoenvironmentcampaignersclaimsagainstMcDonald’s?
WhatdoesMrs.Danielsteach?
随机试题
关于建设工程工期的说法,错误的是()。
U/C矩阵中的功能名称位于()
肺的弹性阻力包括
A、正常细胞不均一性贫血B、正常细胞均一性贫血C、大细胞不均一性贫血D、小细胞不均一性贫血E、小细胞均一性贫血贫血患者MCV为90fl,MCH为30pg,MCHC为333g/L,RDW:23%,该患者贫血类型属于
A.温经汤B.丹栀逍遥散C.固阴煎D.膈下逐瘀汤E.固冲汤治疗痛经气滞血瘀证,宜选用的方剂是
鼓励长期卧床的心力衰竭患者在床上活动下肢,其主要目的是
对非实质性变更的接受,下列条件中使合同成立的有()。
我国商业银行的核心资本包括实收资本、资本公积、盈余公积、未分配利润、少数股权等。()
有人曾______“人工智能是个筐,什么都能往里装”,虽然______,但也说明了现状。通常,当解决问题需要推理、决策、理解、学习这类最基本的技能时,我们才认为它跟人工智能相关。常见的人工智能技术应用有指纹识别、人脸识别、机器翻译等。很多通过机械的计算和机
设四次曲线y=ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+f经过点(0,0),并且点(3,2)是它的一个拐点,过该曲线上点(0,0)与点(3,2)的切线交于点(2,4),则该四次曲线的方程为y=________.
最新回复
(
0
)