A、Children who are less resilient. B、Children who become resilient from adversity. C、Adults who get support from others. D、Adult

W: Hello, and welcome to today’s program. I’m Judy.
M: And I’m John.
W: Now, John, how resilient are you?
M: Resilient? You mean able to cope with difficult situations. I have a pile of work to do today, but I’m remaining calm and not getting stressed.
W: That’s good, you are showing resilience. And today we’re discussing whether we’re born with resilience or we have to learn it.
M: OK, Judy.
W: There are many self-help books and motivational speakers all promising us we can learn to be resilient.
M: Well, it is a useful trait to have, and it’s something that can help you deal with many difficult situations from coping with the pressures of work to handling the death of a loved one.
W: And it’s more than just telling someone to "toughen up" or "get a grip". The people around us who we can talk to and support us generally make us feel better. I mean, with more support we feel more resilient.
M: It’s a good point. And another level of resilience is how optimistic someone is. Being optimistic means having positive thoughts about the future and believing things will turn out well. A positive mind means you can deal with situations that, at first, look tough. The third level is our biological level-how our bodies cope when we are worried or upset by something.
W: So, when we’re distressed, a resilient person is able to soothe his or her body and regulate his or her nervous system, which helps them stay calm.
M: But, Judy, the big question is, are we born with resilience or can we learn it? Some experts tend to think it could be learned.
W: Yes, one of them is Ann Masten, a professor at the University of Minnesota. From her studies, she found it was something that we learn when we need to.
M: Did she do a research on adults about resilience?
W: No. No adults, but children. Ann Masten talks about how some of the children she studied manifest resilience from the start. They remain resilient despite a difficult time in their life they’ve had to face.
M: And other children?
W: Well. Other children, what she calls the late bloomers, started off less resilient, struggled with adversity, but turned their lives around by becoming more resilient. Maybe we can learn resilience from a having a bad experience?
M: I think, for adults, yes. But I suppose children need some help from adults. Maybe families and friends can be a great support and help with resilience.
W: Yes. Teachers or parents are role models in how to handle adversity. And children are watching; they’re learning from the adults around them by seeing how they react when they get challenged by something.
1. What will John do when he is in difficult situations?
2. How do we set resilient according to Judy?
3. What is the second level of resilience?
4. What do resilient people do to stay calm?
5. Who are "the late bloomers" called by Ann Masten?