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  3. Teacher burnout and student stress may be linked, according to a University of British Columbia study. The study is the firs

Teacher burnout and student stress may be linked, according to a University of British Columbia study. The study is the firs

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问题     Teacher burnout and student stress may be linked, according to a University of British Columbia study.
    The study is the first of its kind to examine the connection between teacher burnout and students’ Cortisol (皮质醇) levels, which are a biological indicator of stress.
    Researchers collected saliva (唾液) samples from over 400 elementary school children and tested their Cortisol levels. They found that in classrooms in which teachers experienced more burnout, or feelings of emotional exhaustion, students’ Cortisol levels were elevated. Higher Cortisol levels in elementary school children have been linked to learning difficulties as well as mental health problems.
    "This suggests that stress contagion (传染) might be taking place in the classroom among students and their teachers," said Eva Oberle, the study’s lead author and newly appointed assistant professor with the Human Early Learning Partnership (HELP) at UBC’s school of population and public health. "It is unknown what came first—elevated Cortisol or teacher burnout. We consider the connection between student and teacher stress a cyclical problem in the classroom. "
    Oberle said a stressful classroom climate could be a result of inadequate support for teachers, which may impact teachers’ ability to effectively manage their students. A poorly managed classroom can contribute to students’ needs not being met and increasing stress. This could be reflected in elevated Cortisol levels in students.
    Alternatively, stress could originate from students, who may be more challenging to teach because of increases in anxiety, behavioral problems, or special needs. In this scenario, teachers could feel overwhelmed and report higher levels of burnout.
    "Our study is a reminder of the systemic issues facing teachers and educators as classroom sizes increase and supports for teachers are cut," said Oberle.
    "It is clear from a number of recent research studies that teaching is one of the most stressful professions, and that teachers need adequate resources and support in their jobs in order to battle burnout and alleviate stress in the classroom," said UBC education professor Kimberly Schonert-Reichl, the study’s co-author and director of HELP. "If we do not support teachers, we risk the collateral damage of students."
The word "collateral" (Line 4, Para. 8) most probably means________.
选项 A、indirect
B、immediate
C、permanent
D、temporary
答案A
解析 语义理解题。定位句提到，如果我们不支持教师，我们就会有让孩子们受到collateral伤害的风险。而上一句指出我们支持教师的目的是为了让他们抵抗职业倦怠和减轻教室里的压力。并且第五段也提到，充满压力的教室气氛可能是由于对教师的支持不够造成的，这可能影响教师有效管理其学生的能力，而管理不善的教室会导致学生需求无法被满足以及压力的不断攀升，这会反应在学生升高的皮质醇含量上。由此推断，我们不支持教师，会对教师造成直接影响，然后教师再对孩子们造成影响，故答案为A)“间接的”，同时排除B)“直接的”。C)“永久的”和D)“暂时的”，原文并未提及伤害持续的时间，故均排除。
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