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  3. Fisheries are not the only resource being overexploited. The ocean floor houses vast untapped reserves of oil, gas and rare mine

Fisheries are not the only resource being overexploited. The ocean floor houses vast untapped reserves of oil, gas and rare mine

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问题     Fisheries are not the only resource being overexploited. The ocean floor houses vast untapped reserves of oil, gas and rare minerals that are necessary for many new technologies. There is also growing potential for bioprospecting—the search for species whose biochemistry or genetic makeup could yield commercially viable products, such as pharmaceuticals. Both bioprospecting and deep sea mining could generate significant wealth—and cause significant damage to ocean ecosystems, depending on how they are carried out. Current proposals to the UN treaty, based on the implementation of the precautionary principle, would require environmental impact assessments to be conducted before such activities could take place, or restrict or ban them altogether in new Marine
    Protected Areas. But as the Washington Post notes, there’s another fundamental question about resources found in the high seas: do they belong to everyone on Earth, or to those who are the first to identify and harvest them?
    All countries have legal access to the high seas, but it’s a much a smaller set that currently has access to the capital and technology required to actively pursue resource extraction on the ocean floor. As the representative from Algeria noted at the UN negotiations, in the absence of a formal agreement on sharing monetary and non-monetary benefits, "a minority on this planet will appropriate marine genetic resources… is this what we want? At least two-thirds of this room don’t share this opinion. " The disputes that can arise from these disagreements play into a geopolitical background, of course, and could even lead to larger conflicts undermining safety in the ocean. In fact, US Coast Guard Commander Kate Higgins-Bloom has warned that a conflict over fisheries is more likely than one over territory in the near future. But there are other, even more eminent risks. The state of the ocean’s biodiversity is closely connected to climate change. While it’s true there is growing concern about climate change, many forget that the ocean is the world’s largest carbon sink, the lungs of the planet. Mangroves, reefs and other coastal ecosystems also store large amounts of carbon, which is released to the atmosphere when these ecosystems are degraded or destroyed.
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答案 渔业资源并非唯一遭受过度开发的资源。海底蕴藏着大量尚未开发的石油、天然气和稀有矿物资源，它们是许多新技术开发中不可或缺的。同时，生物勘探也展现出了越来越大的发展潜力。海洋中某些物种的生化特性或基因组成能产生诸如药品的商用产品，生物勘探指的便是对这类物种的探寻。不论是生物勘探还是深海采矿，它们在产生巨大财富的同时也会对海洋生态系统带来不可磨灭的伤害，而这种伤害的程度取决于具体的勘探或采矿方式。因此，目前的联合国条约提案根据预警原则要求，此类活动开展前必须进行环境影响评估，而在新设立的海洋保护区，限制或干脆禁止一切相关活动。然而，正如《华盛顿邮报》所言，在公海发现的资源还存在另一个根本性问题，那就是：这些资源是归全人类所有，还是归最早的发现者和采收者所有? 所有国家均享有进入公海的合法权利，但目前能获得在公海海底积极开采资源所需资金与技术的国家却寥寥无几。阿尔及利亚代表在联合国谈判时指出，在缺少正式协议规定如何分享公海带来的经济和非经济利益的情况下，“海洋遗传资源将被地球上的少数人占用……这是我们想要的结果吗?现场至少三分之二的人应该会持反对意见。”当然，意见分歧可能引发的争端不仅会影响地缘政治背景，甚至可能引发危害海洋安全的更大冲突。事实上，美国海岸警卫队指挥官凯特.希金斯.布鲁姆曾提出警告，在不久的将来，渔业资源之争比领土之争更有可能发生。不过，我们还面临其他更为显著的风险。海洋生物多样性的状况与气候变化密切相关。虽然人们越来越关注气候变化是不争的事实，但很多人忽视了一点：海洋是世界上最大的碳汇，相当于地球之肺。红树林、珊瑚礁和其他沿海生态系统同样储存了大量的碳元素，而当这些生态系统退化或遭到破坏时，这些碳元素便会被释放到大气中。
解析     house作动词时相当于shelter／keep／store，意思是“藏有，存储有”。这句话中包含由that引导的定语从句作后置定语，修饰前边提到的“untapped…minerals”，翻译时为了避免修饰成分过长，导致句子头尾不协调，需将后置定语单独译出，并增译指示代词“它们”，对前半句做进一步的解释说明。
    第二段所述生物勘探和前句所述海底资源开发共同构成了本段第一句“渔业资源遭受过度开发”的原因，故本句和前句存在并列关系，本句中的also也体现了这点，所以在句首增加表并列的连接词“同时”。主句是There be句型，叙述的主题是bioprospecting(生物勘探)，破折号后面的内容是对生物勘探的解释说明，其中还包含了whose引导的定语从句，如果按照原文结构翻译，句子太长且难懂，所以在破折号处进行断句；由于中文中总结性的句子一般放在最后，所以对于破折号后的句子，先翻译定语从句，再用“生物勘探指的便是……”来总结前句，也体现出破折号的意义。
    最后是前文产生的结果，为了突出这种因果关系，翻译时需添加连接词“因此”。precautionary principle为环境法中颇有影响的新兴概念，常被译为“预警原则”，但尚无统一的官方译文。environmental impact assessment也是环境法中的专业词汇，缩写为EIA，译为“环境影响评估”，在词汇翻译中也可能出现。
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