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  3. Dr Thomas Starzl, like all the pioneers of organ transplantation, had to learn to live with failure. When he performed the world

Dr Thomas Starzl, like all the pioneers of organ transplantation, had to learn to live with failure. When he performed the world

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问题      Dr Thomas Starzl, like all the pioneers of organ transplantation, had to learn to live with failure. When he performed the world’s first liver transplant 25 years ago, the patient, a three-year-old boy, died on the operating table. The next four patients didn’t live long enough to get out of the hospital. But more determined than discouraged, Starzl and his colleagues went back to their lab at the University of Colorado Medical School.
They devised techniques to reduce the heavy bleeding during surgery, and they worked on better ways to pre- vent the recipient’s immune system from rejecting the organ — an ever-present risk.
     But the triumphs of the transplant surgeons have created yet another tragic problem: a severe shortage of donor organs. "As the results get better, more people go on the waiting lists and there’s wider disparity between supply and need," says one doctor. The American Council on Transplantation estimated that on any given day 15 000 Americans are waiting for organs. There is no shortage of actual organs; each year about 5 000 healthy people die unexpectedly in the United States, usually in accidents. The problem is that fewer than 20 percent become donors.
     This trend persists despite laws designed to encourage organ recycling. Under the federal Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, a person can authorize the use of his organs after death by signing a statement. Legally, the next of kin can veto these posthumous gifts, but surveys indicate that 70 to 80 percent of the public would not interfere with a family member’s decision. The biggest roadblock, according to some experts, is that physicians don’t ask for donations, either because they fear offending grieving survivors or because they still regard some transplant procedures as experimental.
     When there aren’t enough organs to go around, distributing the available ones becomes a matter of deciding who will live and who will die. Once donors and potential recipients have been matched for body size and blood type, the sickest patients customarily go to the top of the local waiting list. Beyond the seriousness of the patients’ condition, doctors base their choice on such criteria as the length of time the patient has been waiting, how long it will take to obtain an organ and whether the transplant team can gear up in time.  
One factor causing death on organ transplantation is ______.
选项 A、heavy bleeding during surgery
B、destruction of patients’ immune system
C、objection from patients to taking organs of others
D、doctors’ lack of confidence
答案A
解析 分析推理题。第一段最后一句指出，Dr Starzl和同事们开发了新技术来减少手术中的大出血并用更好的方法来防止受体免疫系统对器官的排斥。由上下文及常识可知大出血肯定是使接受器官移植手术者死亡的一个原因，选A 。其余三项都不对。
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