首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Basic Cultural Types As business goes global, businessmen have come to find the people in different cultures act quite diffe
Basic Cultural Types As business goes global, businessmen have come to find the people in different cultures act quite diffe
admin
2013-06-12
48
问题
Basic Cultural Types
As business goes global, businessmen have come to find the people in different cultures act quite differently, and that only when they can deal with cultural issues properly can they expect a business success.
It is very important to understand different types of culture in
order to success in 1 ______. 【1】______.
Four-factor framework to define and classify national culture.
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Individualism emphasizes 2 ______, 【2】______.
but collectivism emphasizes sacrificing personal needs.
In an individualist culture, decision making may be quick, but its 3 may be slow.【3】______.
But the opposite is true in a collectivist culture.
High vs. Low Power Distance
Power distance refers to how people view power and their own role in decision making.
In a culture with low power distance, employees will seek 4 ______. 【4】______.
in making decisions, and will be unwilling in accepting decisions
they have made no contribution to. But in a culture with high power distance,
employees will 5 most decisions made by their boss. 【5】______.
High vs. Low Avoidance of Uncertainty
Avoidance of uncertainty refers to a society’s ability m tolerate 6 . 【6】______.
In a culture of high uncertainty avoidance people tend to
give up individual freedom for 7 . 【7】______.
In a culture of low uncertainty avoidance, people may 8 more often. 【8】______.
Masculinity vs. Femininity
This refers to whether a society shows more male or female features.
Societies with masculine values show much aggressiveness and assertiveness,
and value material success.
Societies with feminine values emphasize 9 , and quality of life. 【9】______.
In a feminine culture, the pace of business is slow and calm, and depends
more on personal relationships.
In a masculine culture, business is efficient, and people plan to enjoy 10【10】______.
rather than present working day.
【6】
Basic Cultural
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. I was told that most of you are either engaged or interested in business, and your participation in this series of lectures indicates that all of you may have realized the importance of culture to success in international business. As our lecture today is the first one, we are going to briefly look at some basic types of culture.
The Dutch researcher and business consultant. Geert Hofstede, has developed a useful framework that illustrates the four major issues that define and classify national cultures. Facts show that each issue has a very real effect on how people process information and interact, either personally or with business colleagues. During the remaining part of the lecture, let’s explore these issues one by one.
First and foremost, we need to look at the conflict between individualism and collectivism. Does a society cherish individualism, the independent thinker, the person who values personal success over group success, or does it function in an orderly fashion only when individuals sacrifice their needs to those of the group? The values that a society holds will determine how an individual defines himself or herself--as free individual or as a member of a group. Determine the answer to this most basic of questions about a society’s cultural values, and you will obtain a valuable clue as to how to proceed in successfully concluding a business negotiation and managing a business relationship in the future.
Understanding the contrast between the group and the individual is very important for business. In an individualist culture, decision making may be more rapid, but the implementation of a change in policy may be much slower than in a collectivist culture. On the other hand, it may take longer to come to a consensus in a collectivist environment, but once the decision is made, implementation is generally quicker.
The second issue in the study of cultural types is power distance. Power distance actually refers to how individuals in a society view power as well as their own role in decision making, In cultures with a low power-distance, individual employees will seek a role in decision-making and question decisions and orders that they have made no contribution. By contrast, in high power distance societies, employees seek no decision-making role. They accept the boss’s decision simply because the boss is the boss and is supposed to give orders. Employees in this kind of cultures need direction and discipline, and they look to management to provide it. In low power distance cultures, workers will accept more responsibility. Low power distance cultures tend to be more individualistic in nature.
OK, so much for the second issue, power distance. Next let’s move on to the third point, uncertainty- a-voidance. It is a measure of a society’s ability to tolerate ambiguity and uncertainty. A Swiss business colleague said that this could be shown in the difference between Switzerland and Germany. Buses and taxis taking visitors from Geneva’s airport to town would repeatedly broadcast the following announcement: "Welcome to Switzerland. Have a good time and remember that in Switzerland everything that is not compulsory is forbidden." In contrast, the Germans hate the idea of uncertainty, and obviously know something about redundancy planning and clearly state behaviors that are forbidden to avoid any uncertainty.
The cultural dimension of uncertainty avoidance is profoundly exhibited in the workplaces of all societies. For instance, in Japan, the high preference for uncertainty avoidance results in employees’ decision to give up individual freedom and mobility in exchange for a guarantee of lifetime employment. But in societies that have a low measure of uncertainty avoidance, people usually value achievement over security, there is a less structured and more free-flowing style of management, but fewer workplace rules than societies with a high measure of un- certainty avoidance. Besides, it’s easy to understand that countries that exhibit low measures of uncertainty--a- voidance generally experience high rates of employment turnover and job mobility.
The last issue in Hofstede’s framework is the contrast between masculinity and femininity, which means whether the society manifests more male features or female features. This dimension speaks to both social values and attitudes. Societies with supposedly "masculine" values appreciate aggressiveness and assertiveness, and respect the goal of material acquisition. The more "feminine" cultures, on the other hand, value interpersonal relationships, put quality of life before material acquisition and actively express concern for the less fortunate.
Understanding this dimension also has important implication for business management. The pace of business tends to be more slow and calm in cultures with a majority of feminine traits. Business hinges more on personal relationships--friends doing business with friends--rather than on pure efficiency and written contracts. In masculine cultures, success is the function of the individual, and society is made up of leaders and followers. If you are a success or a failure- it is the result of your own actions. Business is a more efficient process than in feminine societies and people plan on enjoying their retirement rather than the present working day.
Now it’s time to sum up. In a sense, business success builds on correct understanding of culture in which the business takes place. Hofstede’s proposal seems to have caught the core of cultural difference. In his eyes, culture can be classified in terms of individualism versus collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity versus femininity. So long as we pay attention to these issues, we stand much more possibility to success. So, finally, I hope what I said today can be of use to you in the future. Thank you!
选项
答案
ambiguity/uncertainty/ambiguity and uncertainty
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Pg4O777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Languagecomprehensionisgenerallyviewedincognitivetheoryasconsistingofactiveandcomplexprocessesinwhichindividual
Withtheconstructoroftherailwaysinthe19thcentury,anewsociologicalphenomenonwasborn:thetravelingcriminal.Until
______isthelargestcityintheprovinceofBritishColumbiaandthethirdlargestoneinCanada.
______isthehighestmountaininBritain.
"Iwanttocriticizethesocialsystem,andtoshowitatwork,atitsmostintense."VirginiaWoolf’sprovocativestatementa
"Iwanttocriticizethesocialsystem,andtoshowitatwork,atitsmostintense."VirginiaWoolf’sprovocativestatementa
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisorfindthegiftedfewandt
TheLandofDisneyPredictingthefutureisalwaysrisky.Butit’sprobablysafetosaythatatleastafewhistorianswill
进入21世纪,发达国家所面临的共同问题,不是缺资金,而是缺人才;不是缺最新的资讯,而是缺最新的知识。“知识”变成了一个国家是否进步的关键因素。把相关的知识有系统地运用到经济活动中,现在泛称为“知识经济”。唯有通过外在的教育与学习,浩瀚的资讯才可能
随机试题
简述文化的特征。
国际环境法中的经济刺激措施包括【】
王安石是北宋诗文革新运动的领袖。()
A.六味地黄丸B.左归丸C.桂附地黄丸D.二仙汤E.人参养荣汤绝经妇女骨质疏松症之阴阳两虚证,治宜选用
合理的联合用药的目的
患者,男,50岁。脑血管意外,长期卧床,无自理能力。根据奥瑞姆的自理模式,这时护士提供的护理应属于何种补偿系统
某建设项目总投资9000万元,资金来源包括亚洲开发银行贷款折合人民币2500万元,交通银行贷款3000万元,其他企业投入3500万元,根据国家现行投资管理规定,该建设项目应按照( )。
心理学家勒温通过实验发现()领导方式所带来的工作效率最高。
2×16年1月1日,A公司支付2360万元购入甲公司于当日发行的5年期一般公司债券20万张,每张面值100元,票面利率7%,每年年末付息,到期一次还本。为取得该债券,A公司另支付相关费用6.38万元。A公司管理该项金融资产的业务模式为收取本金和利息,经计算
在下列针对中央银行资产负债的变动中,使得商业银行体系准备金增加的有()。
最新回复
(
0
)