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  3. There are many countries around the world adopting the principle of sustainable development. When put into practice, it helps co

There are many countries around the world adopting the principle of sustainable development. When put into practice, it helps co

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问题    There are many countries around the world adopting the principle of sustainable development. When put into practice, it helps combat environmental deterioration in air quality, water quality and terrestrial control. At the same time, its practice maintains habitat diversity, and it also helps improve poverty situations, controls over consumption and improves health and education. Finally, sustainable development promotes viable roles for all members of society, while improving the economic situation of developing countries. But some people argue that the use of the principles of sustainable development in developing countries overlooks the importance of local customs, traditions and people. Some other people believe that sustainable development is a vague term, and that some organizations use it to further their own interests, whether those interests are environmental or economic in nature. Countries that have relatively small, uncompetitive productive sectors tend to implement protectionist policies. Whereas interdependence is desirable during times of peace, war necessitates competition and independence. Tariffs and importation limits strengthen a country’s economic vitality while potentially weakening the economies of its enemies. Moreover, protectionism in the weapons industry is highly desirable during such circumstances because reliance on another state for armaments can be fatal.
   For the most part, economists emphasize the negative effects of protectionism. It reduces international trade and raises prices for consumers. In addition, domestic firms that receive protection have less incentive to innovate. Although free trade puts uncompetitive firms out of business, the displaced workers and resources are ultimately allocated to other areas of the economy. Imposing quotas is a method used to protect trade, since foreign companies cannot ship more products, regardless of how low they set their prices. Countries that hope to help a new industry thrive locally often impose quotas on imported goods. They believe that such restrictions allow entities in the new industry to develop their own competitive advantages and produce the products efficiently. Protectionism’s purpose is usually to create jobs for domestic workers. Companies that operate in industries protected by quotas hire workers locally. But a disadvantage of quotas is the reduction in the quality of products in the absence of competition from foreign companies. Without competition, local firms are less likely to invest in innovation and improve their products and services. Domestic sellers don’t have an incentive to enhance efficiency and lower their prices, and under such conditions, consumers eventually pay more for products and services they could receive from foreign competitors. As local companies lose competitiveness, they become pressured to outsource jobs. In the long run, increasing protectionism commonly leads to layoffs and economic slowdown.
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答案 世界上许多国家都贯彻可持续发展的原则。实施可持续发展有助于在空气质量、水质量和土地管理等方面遏制环境恶化。同时，可保持生活环境的多样性，帮助改善贫困状况，控制消费，改善卫生和教育状况。最后，可持续发展能够促使所有社会成员切实发挥作用，改善发展中国家的经济状况。但有些人认为，在发展中国家推行可持续发展的原则，会忽略当地习俗、传统和人的重要性。还有一些人认为，可持续发展是一个模糊的概念，一些组织可借此名义寻求自身的利益，既可能是环境利益，也可能是经济利益。那些产业相对较小，且缺乏竞争力的国家，倾向于实施保护主义政策。和平时期，各国需要相互依存，而战争时期，各国需要相互竞争，谋求独立。设置关税和限制进口可增强国家的经济活力，同时有可能削弱敌国的经济。此外，在这种情况下，保护军工产业尤为必要，因为依靠从他国进口武器装备可能会令本国遭受致命打击。 多数情况下，经济学家强调贸易保护主义的负面影响。保护主义阻滞了国际贸易，提高了消费品价格。此外，还会导致受到保护的本土企业缺乏创新动力。尽管自由贸易会导致缺乏竞争力的企业破产，但失业工人和企业的资源最终会被分配到其他经济领域。实行配额制度是贸易保护的一种方式。因为即便外国公司的商品定价很低，他们得以进驻市场的产品数量始终有限。如果国家有意扶持本土的某一新兴产业，通常也会对相关产品的进口实行配额制度。他们认为，实行配额限制有助于本国的新兴产业培育自己的竞争优势，提高生产效率。保护主义的目的通常是为本国工人创造就业机会。在受配额制度保护的行业里，公司会雇佣当地工人。但是，实行配额制度的弊端在于缺乏外国公司的竞争，产品质量会下降。没有外界竞争，本土企业往往不再大力投入创新或提升产品和服务质量。国内商家也在提升生产效率和价格优惠方面兴致欠缺，这导致消费者最终宁愿花费更多钱财，去购买国外商家的产品和服务。国内企业一旦失去竞争力，将不得不外包产品和服务。从长远来看，增强保护主义常常导致公司裁员和经济放缓的现象发生。
解析    第一段援引正反两方面观点，分析可持续发展原则具体实施的优点和缺点。可持续发展原则若在全球付诸实施，则有助于环境保护，改善经济状况，保障民众健康和生活水平。但也有人认为可持续发展对发展中国家而言，可能存在问题，且有可能被某些组织所利用，沦为其谋取私利的工具。基于上述正反两面分析，文章进一步引出关税和进口限制，以及保护主义政策的问题。
   第二段自然过渡，从经济学视角探讨了保护主义的负面影响。为了透彻分析保护主义的问题所在，文章从保护主义自身和自由贸易的优势两个方面，分析贸易保护和配额制度长期以来可能会对本土企业及相关产业所带来的负面影响。
   各段落之间以及段落内部逻辑清晰、衔接自然、浑然一体。因此译者在理解原文时一定要着重考虑原文衔接机制的使用，在翻译时更需注意汉语表达习惯，确保表达流畅自然，而又不脱离原文逻辑脉络。
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