首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
→ Holmes and Rahe (1967) developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life change as a form of stress.A The
→ Holmes and Rahe (1967) developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life change as a form of stress.A The
admin
2012-01-14
80
问题
→ Holmes and Rahe (1967) developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life change as a form of stress.A The scale assigns numerical values to 43 major life events that are supposed to reflect the magnitude of the readjustment required by each change. In responding to the scale, respondents are asked to indicate how often they experienced any of these 43 events during a certain time period (typically, the past year). The person then adds up the numbers associated with each event checked. B
→ The SRRS and similar scales have been used in thousands of studies by researchers all over the world.C Overall, these studies have shown that people with higher scores on the SRRS tend to be more vulnerable to many kinds of physical illness—and many types of psychological problems as well (Derogatis & Coons, 1993; Gruen, 1993; Scully, Tosi & Banning, 2000).D More recently, however, experts have criticized this research, citing problems with the methods used and raising questions about the meaning of the findings (Critelli & Ee, 1996; Monroe & McQuaid, 1994; Wethington, 2000).
First, the assumption that the SRRS measures change exclusively has been shown to be inaccurate. We now have ample evidence that the desirability of events affects adaptational outcomes more than the amount of change that
they
require (Turner & Wheaton, 1995). Thus, it seems prudent to view the SRRS as a measure of
diverse
forms of stress, rather than as a measure of change-related stress (McLean & Link, 1994).
→ Second, the SRRS fails to take into account differences among people in their subjective perception of how stressful an event is. For instance, while divorce may deserve a stress value of 73 for most people, a particular person’s divorce might generate much less stress and merit a value of only 25.
→ Third, many of the events listed on the SRRS and similar scales are highly ambiguous, leading people to be inconsistent as to which events they report experiencing (Monroe & McQuaid, 1994). For instance, what qualifies as "trouble with the boss"? Should you check that because you’re sick and tired of your supervisor? What constitutes a "change in living conditions"? Does your purchase of a great new sound system qualify? As you can see, the SRRS includes many "events" that are described inadequately, producing considerable ambiguity about the meaning of one’s response. Problems in recalling events over a period of a year also lead to inconsistent responding on stress scales, thus lowering their reliability (Klein & Rubovits, 1987).
Fourth, the SRRS does not sample from the domain of stressful events very thoroughly. Do the 43 events listed on the SRRS exhaust all the major stresses that people typically experience? Studies designed to explore that question have found many significant omissions (Dohrenwend et al., 1993; Wheaton, 1994).
→ Fifth, the correlation between SRRS scores and health outcomes may be inflated because subjects’ neuroticism affects both their responses to stress scales and their self-reports of health problems. Neurotic individuals have a tendency to recall more stress than others and to recall more symptoms of illness than others (Watson, David, & Suls, 1999). These tendencies mean that some of the correlation between high stress and high illness may simply reflect the effects of subjects’ neuroticism (Critelli & Ee, 1996). The possible contami- nating effects of neuroticism obscure the meaning of scores on the SRRS and similar measures of stress. The Life Experiences Survey
In the light of these problems, a number of researchers have attempted to develop improved versions of the SRRS. For example, the Life Experiences Survey (LES), assembled by Irwin Sarason and colleagues (1978), has become a widely used measure of stress in contemporary research (for examples see Ames et al., 2001; Denisoff & Endler, 2000; Malefo, 2000). The LES revises and builds on the SRRS survey in a variety of ways that correct, at least in part, most of the problems just discussed.
→ Specifically, the LES recognizes that stress involves more than mere change and asks respondents to indicate whether events had a positive or negative impact on them. This strategy permits the computation of positive change, negative change, and total change scores, which helps researchers gain much more insight into which facets of stress are most crucial. The LES also takes into consideration differences among people in their appraisal of stress, by dropping the normative weights and replacing them with personally assigned weightings of the impact of relevant events. Ambiguity in items is decreased by providing more elaborate descriptions of many items to clarify their meaning.
The LES deals with the failure of the SRRS to sample the full domain of stressful events in several ways. First, some significant omissions from the SRRS have been added to the LES. Second, the LES allows the respondent to write in personally important events that are not included on the scale. Third, the LES has an extra section just for students. Sarason et al. (1978) suggest that special, tailored sections of this sort be added for specific populations whenever it is useful.
In paragraph 5, how does the author demonstrate that the response events on the SRRS are not consistent?
选项
A、By asking questions that could be answered in more than one way
B、By giving examples of responses that are confusing
C、By comparing several ways to score the stress scales
D、By suggesting that people do not respond carefully
答案
A
解析
... what qualifies as ’trouble with the boss’? Should you check that because you’re sick and tired of your supervisor? What constitutes a ’change in living conditions’? Does your purchase of a great new sound system qualify?" Choice B is not correct because the author does not offer examples of responses to the questions posed. Choice C is not correct because options for scores are not provided in paragraph 5. Choice D is not correct because the author suggests that people do not respond consistently but whether they respond carefully is not mentioned.
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/QXyO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
TheHistoryoftheGuitarTheword’guitar’wasbroughtintoEnglishasanadaptationoftheSpanishword’guitarra,’whichwas,
AtthestartofhertalkRebeccapointsoutthatnewgraduatescanfindithardto______.Whenshehaddevelopedaportfolioo
Completethesentencesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.SavingthejuniperplantBackgroundAfurtherstep
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOcharacteristicsapplytothebamboooven?AIt’ssuitableforwindyweather.BThefireisli
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.HowtokillbadinsectsChemicalmethodsThesesolutions
Completethesentencesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.The______iswithinwalkingdistanceoftheaccommod
Whichattitudeisassociatedwiththefollowingpeopleduringtheconversation?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritetheco
BiologyCardiacMuscleBasedontheinformationinthelecture,indicatewhethereachsentencebelowdescribesskeletalmuscle
BiologyCardiacMuscleWhydoestheprofessorsaythis:
随机试题
静脉也称容量血管,整个静脉系统可容纳全身循环血量的
商贸公司A、建筑公司B、房地产咨询公司C于1999年1月共同发起设立天达房地产开发有限责任公司(项目公司,以下简称为天达公司),其中A、B公司以现金人股,C公司以技术入股,三方所占股份分别为78%、17%、5%,注册资金为2000万元,全部投入该项目。A
期权的价值由()几部分组成。
下列情形中,最可能导致财务报表层次重大错报风险的是()。
影响动作技能学习的外部因素,除了指导与示范、练习外,还包括()。
给定资料农业作为国民经济的基础产业,同样需要科技创新来支撑其发展。近年来,随着经济增速的放缓,中国进入经济发展的“新常态”。国家逐步将关注的重点从提高经济增速转移到调整经济结构上,并明确指出,中国经济要从过去的要素驱动、投资驱动转移到创新驱动上来
在安科莱,以畜牧为生的希马人和以农业为生的伊鲁人共同居住;在亚利桑那,纳瓦霍人以前靠狩猎和采集为生,现在主要以畜牧为生,他们与经营农业的霍皮人为邻;澳洲东南沿海地带以前住着以渔猎和劫掠粮食为生的土著居民,现在却住着从事农业、畜牧业及工业的欧洲人。作者列举这
小王计划邀请30家客户参加答谢会,并为客户发送邀请函。快速制作30份邀请函的最优操作方法是:
What’sthegoodnewsfortheman?
Itisastonishinghowlittleisknownabouttheworkingofthemind.Buthoweverlittleormuchisknown,itisfairlycleartha
最新回复
(
0
)