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  3. In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made

In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made

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问题     In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $ 750, 000.
    The transformation in social values implicit in just a posing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the "useful" child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the "useless" child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally "priceless". Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread through-out society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.
    For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of children’s productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family(a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty)were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth. Yet "expulsion of children from the ’ cash nexus’ , ... although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures," Zelizer maintains. "Was also part of a cultural process ’of sacralization’ of children’s lives. " Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.
    In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s worth. Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new " sociological economics" , who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual "preferences" , these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their " exchange" or "surrender" value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.
Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?
选项 A、The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.
B、The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earning over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.
C、The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a whole a sale reappraisal of the worth of an individual.
D、The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.
答案B
解析 本题是细节题。最后一段提到社会经济学家的观点“Allowing only a smallrole for cultural forces in the form of individual“preferences，”these sociologists tend toview all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economicgain．”，人做出选择的过程中扮演次要角色，人的行为主要由经济利益最大化的原则所决定。选项B“说在19世纪孩子的货币价值提高了，是因为他们今后的收入会有大幅度的提高。A项“货币价值提高了，是因为父母的感情投入和抚养费的增加”。与原文所述不符。C项并不是社会经济学家的观点。D项的说法不合逻辑。
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