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  3. The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessi

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessi

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问题     The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed "intuition" to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.
    Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
    Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an "Aha!" experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that "thinking" is inseparable from acting. Since managers often "know" what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
    Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
According to the passage, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to______.
选项 A、speed up the creation of a solution to a problem
B、identify a problem
C、bring together disparate facts
D、stipulate clear goals
答案D
解析 事实细节题。根据题干中的senior managers use intuition将本题出处定位于第三段。本段第二句指出，高级管理者至少通过五种明确的方式利用直觉。下文分别指出这五种方式：一是高级管理者会直觉地察觉何时会存在问题；二是高级管理者依赖于直觉来快速完成熟知的行为模式；三是高级管理者利用直觉将孤立的数据和行为整合成一幅完整的影像；四是高级管理者利用直觉来检验更为理性分析的结果；五是高级管理者利用直觉来绕开深入的分析，快速得到一种貌似可信的解决方法。[A]项、[B]项和[C]项都属于这五种方式，故答案为[D]项。
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