首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
(1) The multimillion dollar brain training industry is under attack. In October 2014, a group of over 100 eminent neuroscientist
(1) The multimillion dollar brain training industry is under attack. In October 2014, a group of over 100 eminent neuroscientist
admin
2021-02-24
56
问题
(1) The multimillion dollar brain training industry is under attack. In October 2014, a group of over 100 eminent neuroscientists and psychologists wrote an open letter warning that " claims promoting brain games are frequently exaggerated and at times misleading". Earlier this year, industry giant Lumosity was fined $2m, and ordered to refund thousands of customers who were duped by false claims that the company’s products improve general mental abilities and slow the progression of age-related decline in mental abilities. And a recent review examining studies purporting to show the benefits of such products found "little evidence...that training improves everyday cognitive performance".
(2) While brain training games and apps may not live up to their hype, it is well established that certain other activities and lifestyle choices can have neurological benefits that promote overall brain health and may help to keep the mind sharp as we get older. One of these is musical training. Research shows that learning to play a musical instrument is beneficial for children and adults alike, and may even be helpful to patients recovering from brain injuries.
(3) Playing a musical instrument is a rich and complex experience that involves integrating information from the senses of vision, hearing, and touch, as well as fine movements, and learning to do so can induce long-lasting changes in the brain. Professional musicians are highly skilled performers who spend years training, and they provide a natural laboratory in which neuroscientists can study how such changes—referred to as experience-dependent plasticity—occur across their lifespan.
(4) Early brain scanning studies revealed significant differences in brain structure between musicians and non-musicians of the same age. For example, the corpus callosum, a massive bundle of nerve fibres connecting the two sides of the brain, is significantly larger in musicians. The brain areas involved in movement, hearing, and visuo-spatial abilities also appear to be larger in professional keyboard players. And, the area devoted to processing touch sensations from the left hand is increased in violinists.
(5) These studies compared data from different groups of people at one point in time. As such, they could not determine whether the observed differences were actually caused by musical training, or if existing anatomical differences predispose some to become musicians. But later, longitudinal studies that track people over time have shown that young children who do 14 months of musical training exhibit significant structural and functional brain changes compared to those who do not.
(6) Together, these studies show that learning to play a musical instrument not only increases grey matter volume in various brain regions, but can also strengthen the long-range connections between them. Other research shows that musical training also enhances verbal memory, spatial reasoning, and literacy skills, such that professional musicians usually outperform non-musicians on these abilities.
(7) Importantly, the brain scanning studies show that the extent of anatomical change in musicians’ brains is closely related to the age at which musical training began, and the intensity of training. Those who started training at the youngest age showed the largest changes when compared to non-musicians.
(8) Even short periods of musical training in early childhood can have long-lasting benefits. In one 2013 study, for example, researchers recruited 44 older adults and divided them into three groups based on the level of formal musical training they had received as children. Participants in one group had received no training at all: those in the second had done a little training, defined as between one and three years of lessons: and those in the third had received moderate levels of training (four to fourteen years).
(9) The researchers played recordings of complex speech sounds to the participants, and used scalp electrodes to measure the timing of neural responses in a part of the auditory brainstem. As we age, the precision of this timing deteriorates, making it difficult to understand speech, especially in environments with a lot of background noise. Participants who had received moderate amounts of musical training exhibited the fastest neural responses, suggesting that even limited training in childhood can preserve sharp processing of speech sounds and increase resilience to age-related decline in hearing.
(10) More recently, it has become clear that musical training facilitates the rehabilitation of patients recovering from stroke and other forms of brain damage, and some researchers now argue that it might also boost speech processing and learning in children with dyslexia and other language impairments. What’s more, the benefits of musical training seem to persist for many years, or even decades, and the picture that emerges from this all evidence is that learning to play a musical instrument in childhood protects the brain against the development of cognitive impairment and dementia.
(11) Unlike commercial brain training products, which only improve performance on the skills involved, musical training has what psychologists refer to as transfer effects—in other words, learning to play a musical instrument seems to have a far broader effect on the brain and mental function, and improves other abilities that are seemingly unrelated.
(12) Learning to play a musical instrument, then, seems to be one of the most effective forms of brain training there is. Musical training can induce various structural and functional changes in the brain, depending on which instrument is being learned, and the intensity of the training regime. It’s an example of how dramatically life-long experience can alter the brain so that it becomes adapted to the idiosyncrasies of its owner’s lifestyle.
According to the last paragraph, learning to play a musical instrument______.
选项
A、should take brain training as the target
B、may change the structure of the brain
C、will become one’s life-long experience
D、can exert a key impact on one’s lifestyle
答案
B
解析
细节理解题。根据题干提示定位至最后一段。该段第二句指出,音乐训练可以引发大脑的各种结构和功能的变化,具体取决于所学乐器的种类以及训练方式的强度,由此可知B的表述符合原文,故为答案。学习演奏乐器虽然可以改变大脑结构,但根据原文可知,这并不是刻意设置的目标,而是无意的收获,故排除A;C和D是利用该段最后一句设置的干扰项,但作者在这句中是推而广之,讨论终身经历和生活方式的相互关系,而不是说演奏乐器一定能够成为终身经历或能影响生活方式,故均排除。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/QnIK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
FiveTypesofBooksI.IntroductionA.Readingforinformation,hopingto—improveourmindswiththeinformationacquired—g
ConversationalSkillsPeoplewhousuallymakeusfeelcomfortableinconversationsaregoodtalkers.Andtheyhavesomething
Whollyasidefromaestheticandmoralconsiderations,fashionisaneconomicabsurdity,andthereislittletobesaidinitsf
Whollyasidefromaestheticandmoralconsiderations,fashionisaneconomicabsurdity,andthereislittletobesaidinitsf
Toacomparativeeducationalistmanyquestionsabouttheselectionandtrainingofdoctorsandlawyersindifferentcountries
(1)DetroitseemstobewhereWallStreetmeetsMainStreet.TightcreditisreckonedtohavecosttheAmericancarmakers40,000
A、Peoplewhosaytheyarefinancialadvisers.B、Peoplewhohavereliablefinancialreputation.C、Peoplewhoaregood-tempered.D
A、Theirpotentialemployers.B、Theirfuturespouse.C、Theirchildhoodteachers.D、Theirfinancialadvisors.A主持人(男士)提到,当孩子们长大成人,
Amajoraspectofmanyfirms’marketingstrategiesoverthepastdecadehavebeenthedevelopmentofnewproducts.【M1】______Co
随机试题
处方由哪几部分组成?处方制度的主要内容是什么?如何审查处方?
有6位歌手:F、G、L、K、H、M。3位钢琴伴奏师:x、Y、w。每一位钢琴伴奏师恰好分别为其中的2位歌手伴奏。已知的条件信息如下:(1)如果x为F伴奏,则w为L伴奏。(2)如果x不为G伴奏,则Y为M伴奏。(3)x或Y为H伴奏。(4)F与G不共用伴奏
谢平为合伙企业东方会计师事务所的合伙人,他在为某上市公司验资时提供虚假财务情况说明。帮助该公司建立虚假财务会计账簿,导致投资者因为虚假信息损失巨大,但其他合伙人对谢平的行为并不知情。现上述行为经证监会查证属实,随后东方会计师事务所被注销,谢平也被吊销执业资
工程项目投标及签订合同阶段的估算成本计划是()
下列关于车辆购置税的纳税地点说法正确的是( )
物业服务企业申请核定资质等级,在申请之日前1年内有()行为的,资质审批部门不予批准。
2008年,全国民政事业基本建设投资总额为66.6亿元,施工项目为3906个,完成投资总额比上年增长39.6%。其中国家投资26.6亿元,比上年增长83.4%。在投资总额中,用于优抚安置事业投资为9.6亿元,比上年增长88.2%;社区服务单位投资5.2亿
正方体被切除部分后的造型如下图所示,其被切去部分的造型是:
技术是一把“双刃剑”,应用得当可以造福社会,造福人民,应用不当会危害社会,危害人民。当前,从整个世界范围来看,网络安全威胁不断增加,信息安全问题日益突出。没有网络安全就没有国家安全,没有信息安全就谈不上让信息化更好造福人民。信息时代,人们享受着数字化生活带
下列哪一句不是《大学》中的句子?()
最新回复
(
0
)