首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
While no woman has been President of the United States, yet the world does have several thousand years of experience with female
While no woman has been President of the United States, yet the world does have several thousand years of experience with female
admin
2014-09-17
32
问题
While no woman has been President of the United States, yet the world does have several thousand years of experience with female leaders, and I have to acknowledge it: their historical record puts men’s to shame.
A notable share of the great leaders in history have been women: Queen Hatshepsut and Cleopatra of Egypt, Empress Wu Zetian of China, Isabella of Castile, Queen Elizabeth I of England, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Maria Theresa of Austria. Granted, I’m neglecting the likes of Bloody Mary, but it’s still true that those women who climbed to power in monarchies had an astonishingly high success rate.
Research by political psychologists points to possible explanations. Scholars find that women, compared with men, tend to excel in consensus-building and certain other skills useful in leadership. If so, why have female political leaders been so much less impressive in the democratic era? Margaret Thatcher was a transformative figure, but women have been mediocre prime ministers or presidents in countries like Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Philippines and Indonesia. Often, they haven’t even addressed the urgent needs of women in those countries.
I have a pet theory about what’s going on.
In monarchies, women who rose to the top dealt mostly with a narrow elite, so they could prove themselves and get on with governing. But in democracies in the television age, female leaders also have to navigate public prejudices—and these make democratic politics far more challenging for a woman than for a man.
In a common experiment, the "Goldberg paradigm", people are asked to evaluate a particular article or speech, supposedly by a man. Others are asked to evaluate the identical presentation, but from a woman. Typically, in countries all over the world, the very same words are rated higher coming from a man.
In particular, one lesson from this research is that promoting their own successes is a helpful strategy for ambitious men. But experiments have demonstrated that when women highlight their accomplishments, that’s a turn-off. And women seem even more offended by self-promoting females than men are.
This creates a huge challenge for ambitious women in politics or business: if they’re self-effacing, people find them unimpressive, but if" they talk up their accomplishments, they come across as pushy braggarts.
The broader conundrum is that for women, but not for men, there is a tradeoff in qualities associated with top leadership. A woman can be perceived as competent or as likable, but not both.
"It’s an uphill struggle, to be judged both a good woman and a good leader," said Rosabeth Moss Kanter, a Harvard Business School professor who is an expert on women in leadership. Professor Kanter added that a pioneer in a man’s word, like Hillary Rodham Clinton, also faces scrutiny on many more dimensions than a man—witness the public debate about Mrs. Clinton’s allegedly "thick ankles,"or the headlines last year about cleavage.
Clothing and appearance generally matter more for women than for men, research shows. Surprisingly, several studies have found that it’s actually a disadvantage for a woman to be physically attractive when applying for a managerial job. Beautiful applicants received lower ratings, apparently because they were subconsciously pegged as stereotypically female and therefore unsuited for a job as a boss.
Female leaders face these impossible judgments all over the world. An M. I. T. economist, Esther Duflo, looked at India, which has required female leaders in one-third of village councils since the mid-1990s. Professor Duflo and her colleagues found that by objective standards, the women ran the villages better than men. For example, women constructed and maintained wells better, and took fewer bribes.
Yet ordinary villagers themselves judged the women as having done a worse job, and so most women were not re-elected. That seemed to result from prejudice. Professor Duflo asked villagers to listen to a speech, identical except that it was given by a man in some cases and by a woman in others. Villagers gave the speech much lower marks when it was given by a woman.
Such prejudices can be overridden after voters actually see female leaders in action. While the first ones received dismal evaluations, the second round of female leaders in the villages were rated the same as men. "Exposure reduces prejudice," Professor Duflo suggested.
Women have often quipped that they have to be twice as good as men to get anywhere—but that, fortunately, is not difficult. In fact, it appears that it may be difficult after all. Modern democracies may empower deep prejudices and thus constrain female leaders in ways that ancient monarchies did not.
The second paragraph
选项
A、contradicts the first paragraph.
B、has no connection with the first paragraph.
C、exemplifies the idea of the first paragraph.
D、repeats the argument of the first paragraph.
答案
C
解析
结构题。文章在第一段最后指出:Their historical record puts men’s to shame. 即女性领袖的历史功绩让男性相形见绌,继而在第二段中具体举例在历史上建立丰功伟绩的女王,并给予高度评价,例证了第一段的观点内容。故[C]为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/RHdO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
HowtoGettheMostfromYourCollegeProfessorI.Dailyroutineincollege—Getupinthemorning—Gotoattend(1)_____—Goan
ThefollowinguniversitiesarepublicfundedEXCEPT
EmilyDickinsonwrotemanyshortpoemsonvariousaspectsoflife.WhichofthefollowingisNOTausualsubjectofherpoetice
YouCallItMusic,TheyCallItanAirRaidSongscanhaveapowerfuleffectonpeople.Play"Gypsies,TrampsandThieves"
Borrow,SpeculateandHopeTheNationalAssociationofSecuritiesDealersisinvestigatingwhethersomebrokeragehousesare
WhichofthefollowinganimalsisNOTtheuniqueanimalofAustralia?
Properarrangementofclassroomspaceisimportanttoencouraginginteraction.Today’scorporationshirehumanengineeringspec
Youngpeoplearefacinganuncertainfuture.Asthe21stcenturydawned,theywerepromisedawealthofprospectsunless【M1】____
Youngpeoplearefacinganuncertainfuture.Asthe21stcenturydawned,theywerepromisedawealthofprospectsunless【M1】____
Asaromanticpoet,WilliamWordsworthadvocatedthefollowingEXCEPT
随机试题
某学校自主创设“三三六”模式(即课堂自主学习三特点——立体式、大容量、快节奏;自主学习三模块——预习、展示、反馈;课堂展示六环节——预习交流、明确目标、分组合作、展现提升、穿插巩固、达标测评)。该模式按照“10+35”的时间分配开展活动,以学生自主参与为主
反映出物量变化订单指标的表示方式为()
A.I型变态反应B.Ⅱ型变态反应C.Ⅲ型变态反应D.Ⅳ型变态反应免疫复合物性肾小球肾炎属于
关于药品进口管理的说法,正确的是
根据我国《合同法》的规定,合同生效后,当事人就报酬不明确的,应按照订立合同时()履行。
证券市场与货币市场关系密切,证券市场是货币市场上资金的需求者。()
借款人申请个人汽车贷款,须具备的贷款银行要求的条件有(‘)
通过________实现对政治经济的影响,是教育作用于政治经济的主要途径。
下列不属于四川跨越发展的基本思路的是()。
A、6:00p.m.B、9:00p.m.C、8:00p.m.D、Itisdelayed.C
最新回复
(
0
)