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  3. Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, Br

Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, Br

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问题    Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 【R1】______.
   American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropology—the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs—thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.【R2】______.
   In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 【R3】______.
   Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.【R4】______.
   Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 【R5】______.
   Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
   [A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
   [B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics , the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and a-natomy.
   [C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
   [D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’ s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’ s entrance into adulthood.
   [E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage , categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
   [F] Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
   [G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrecdy suggested , on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
【R3】
选项
答案A
解析 本题是比较、对照关系题。该空格出现在第三段末尾。空格所在段落以及接下来的两个段落都提到了博厄斯的历史特殊主义理论。从上下文的衔接角度看，似乎空格处内容也应与历史特殊主义理论相关，但分析各选项都没有直接相关的内容。考生可能会误选B选项，因为提到了Boas，但是此句主要讲述了他为全面研究独特的文化而掌握的学科知识，不符合主题，故排除。第三至五段内容上紧密衔接，因此可以通过分析其上下文关系来确定答案。第四段在前一段提出历史特殊主义理论后，对其作了详细阐述；第五段出现了术语“diffusionism”文化传播论，但并没有说明性文字，因此可以推断在此之前应该提到了这一理论。浏览各选项，A即解释了“diffusionism”：文化创新只有一个来源，然后再从一个社会传播到另一个社会，与历史特殊主义理论的观点相对。且由第五段的“…rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism”得知两种理论的主张正好相反，这样A选项中二者的对照恰为下文进一步阐述其差别埋下了伏笔，使上下文内容连贯、逻辑关系紧密。
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